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Journal of Applied Physics

Polarization characteristics of dye-laser amplifiers I. Unidirectional molecular distributions

Kendall C. Reyzer, Lee W. Casperson

Published Dec 1, 1980• 31 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Many practical laser amplifiers exhibit anisotropic gain due to polarization of the pumping fields or to a fixed preferential alignment of the active dipoles. Several specific causes and consequences of gain anisotropy are discussed in detail. In the analysis, the emphasis is placed on dye-laser systems including arbitrary amplitudes, phases, and polarizations of the pump and signal fields. Analytical results are presented for a unidrectional molecular distribution, and it is found that the polarization states of the pump and signal fields change with distance in the amplifier.

DOI
10.1063/1.327640

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Many practical laser amplifiers exhibit anisotropic gain due to polarization of the pumping fields or to a fixed preferential alignment of the active dipoles. Several specific causes and consequences of gain anisotropy are discussed in detail. In the analysis, the emphasis is placed on dye-laser systems including arbitrary amplitudes, phases, and polarizations of the pump and signal fields. Analytical results are presented for a unidrectional molecular distribution, and it is found that the polarization states of the pump and signal fields change with distance in the amplifier.
In a previous study a general semiclassical formalism has been developed for lasers with arbitrary orientational distributions of the active molecules. Here that formalism is applied to the important case of an isotropic distribution of molecules, and this limit is especially relevant to liquid dye lasers. Extensive analytical and numerical results are presented for the polarization properties of such dye lasers. It is found that in general the polarization states of the pump and signal fields are coupled together and both change with distance in a laser amplifier.
Interaction of two coherent fields of arbitrary intensity with a general homogeneously broadened three-level molecular system for both an amplifier as well as a laser oscillator under general conditions of pumping is discussed. The amplifier solution is obtained through the time-averaged density-matrix formalism with two coherent fields treated classically. A detailed consideration of both real and imaginary parts of the electric susceptibility at pump and emission frequencies, corresponding to gain and dispersion in the active medium has been taken into account. The results obtained are used to study a number of situations for weak and strong pumping in the laser amplifier. Subsequently these are applied to a mode analysis of a unidirectional single-mode laser oscillator to determine the output characteristics of the laser and to establish conditions under which emission becomes dynamically unstable resulting in sustained oscillatory emission. The results obtained are found to be in good agreement with those of a full numerical analysis of the atomic and field coupled equations describing the system.
Polarization-dependent gain (PDG) in fiber amplifiers is studied theoretically. A mathematical model is developed by treating the dopant ions in glass host as partially anisotropic oscillators, and both the signal and the pump effects are taken into account. It is illustrated that PDG includes two components. One arises from polarization-selective excitation of the dopant ions by the pump; the other originates from polarization-selective deexcitation of the lasing ions by the saturating signal, known as polarization hole burning (PHB). PDG depends strongly on the operating state of the amplifiers such as the level of gain compression, the anisotropy of the dopant ions, and the relative polarization orientations of the signal and the pump. In a small-signal regime, PDG is induced only by the pump while in large-signal condition it is the sum of the two components. The good agreement between the theoretical calculations and the reported results confirms the validity of the model.
Our anisotropic rate equation model outlines the relationship between the relaxation dynamics in a four-level solid-state laser and its anisotropic gain properties. Anisotropic pump rates and stimulated emission cross-sections were included to account for specific atom orientations in the gain material. The model is compared with experimental measurements of two relaxation oscillation frequencies which are related to the anisotropic atom-laser interaction in orthogonally polarized dual-mode lasers. The model predicts that crystal orientation and pump polarization affect the laser operation characteristics, as found experimentally. The gain anisotropy influences the fast laser dynamics, as in single-mode relaxation oscillations.
Amplified spontaneous emission of laser media having a spherical or disk shape is numerically analyzed. Some properties are discussed and a comparison with linear systems is made. Analytical approximations, for the case of high pumping rates and high efficiency, are obtained. Energy level schemes of dye systems are used in the analysis and in the numerical calculations. A coupled set of radiative transfer and rate equations is solved under quasi-steady-state conditions. The model takes into account the fluorescence spectrum and gain saturation effects with radially symmetric distributions of the active dye molecular densities. As a comparison, the numerical examples also include an H2O system which is relevant in astrophysics.
The field intensity and polarization behaviour of an optically pumped laser is investigated in different operating conditions. For a linearly polarized pump field, a strong gain anisotropy is induced which favours generation of light with a polarization parallel to that of the pump field. Thus gain anisotropy can be counterbalanced by cavity-loss anisotropy only at low pumping field intensities, and the interplay between both types of anisotropy leads to polarization switching phenomena. In contrast to the case of the incoherently pumped laser, the decay rate for the magnetic dipole induced on the J = 1 level plays a minor role in determining the polarization dynamics. The influence of a longitudinal magnetic field or of modulation of the pump-field polarization orientation leads to new features and complex dynamic behaviour which includes full polarization (or vector ) chaos.