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American Journal of Physics

Optical correlations and spectra

J. T. Brown

Published Nov 1, 1983• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The well-known techniques for determining the spectrum and correlation function of a light signal as well as the more recently developed techniques for determining the corresponding functions for the photocurrent produced by the signal are discussed. The fundamental relationships between the four kinds of measurements are emphasized and some of the more specialized differences and interrelations are discussed.

DOI
10.1119/1.13359

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The well-known techniques for determining the spectrum and correlation function of a light signal as well as the more recently developed techniques for determining the corresponding functions for the photocurrent produced by the signal are discussed. The fundamental relationships between the four kinds of measurements are emphasized and some of the more specialized differences and interrelations are discussed.
We have discussed the possibilities of correlation spectroscopy (light beating spectroscopy) technique if squeezed light is used as a probe radiation for medium monitoring. The dispersion of the fluctuation of photocurrent spectrum measured in this method is expressed in terms of fourth order photocurrent correlation function. This correlation function is considered and evaluated in assumptions of photodetection theory developed by Glauber in first nonvanishing orders in interaction of probe light with the atoms of a photodetector. We show that fourth order correlation function is determined by all field TN-ordered amplitude correlation functions up to the fourth order. In case of heterodyne detection, when the light incident on photodetector surface is the mix of strong coherent modes of local oscillator wave and weak non-coherent (squeezed) modes, the observable (photocurrent spectrum) as well as its fluctuation (noise of photocurrent spectrum) is expressed in terms of spectrum-dependent Mandel parameter. We have discussed possible improvement of sensitivity limit for correlation spectroscopy in this case.
In recent years the utilization of "optical mixing" spectroscopic techniques in laser light scattering experiments has proved to be a successful method for the investigation of the dynamical properties of physical systems. By illuminating a photosensitive detector with the scattered light and measuring the spectrum or autocorrelation function of the resulting photocurrent, one can, in general, obtain the ensemble-average time dependence of specific collective excitations within the scattering medium. We present here a detailed quantitative analysis of the statistical errors inherent in such measurements due to the stochastic nature of both the scattering and photoemission processes. We determine the statistical errors on the optical-intensity correlation function as measured by two photocounting digital correlator models and on the intensity spectrum as measured by a "self-beat" optical mixing spectrometer. From these errors and a generalized least-mean-squares fitting procedure we calculate the uncertainty on the measured correlation time (linewidth) for the case of a Gaussian optical field with an exponential intensity correlation function (a Lorentzian spectrum). Scaling relationships are given which permit our numerical results to be applied to an arbitrary set of experimental parameters.
The second-order correlation function of incoherent light, which is usually measured in the time domain, can be alternatively measured in the frequency domain. Here, we use an all-optical technique in a highly nonlinear fiber for measuring the full spectrum of the fluctuations of the photocurrent (rf spectrum) generated by broadband radiation with different spectral coherence properties. Our experiments reveal that the rf spectrum of a light signal depends strongly on its spectral coherence properties. From a practical perspective, this ultrafast technique constitutes an alternative for measuring the intensity correlations of spectrally incoherent radiation.