Physical Review A

Radiative-decay-induced four-level crossover signals in saturation spectroscopy

C.J. Anderson, James E. Lawler, L. W. Anderson, Thomas K. Holley, Albert R. Filippelli

Published Jun 1, 1978• 7 citations

Abstract

We describe radiative-decay-induced four-level crossover signals in Doppler-broadening-free saturation spectroscopy. A four-level crossover signal occurs when atoms in a segment of the velocity distribution absorb light from the saturating beam, radiatively decay in part to a different lower level, and cause enhanced absorption from the probe beam on a transition that shares neither a common upper nor a common lower level with the transition of the first absorption. We interpret a signal in a saturation spectrum published by H\"ansch, Shahin, and Schawlow as a four-level crossover signal induced by radiative decay.

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.17.2099

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Four-level N-scheme crossover resonances in Rb saturation spectroscopy in magnetic fields

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Sep 23, 20151 citation

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Physical Review A

Radiative-decay-induced four-level crossover signals in saturation spectroscopy

C.J. Anderson, James E. Lawler, L. W. Anderson, Thomas K. Holley, Albert R. Filippelli

Published Jun 1, 1978• 7 citations

Publisher

Abstract

We describe radiative-decay-induced four-level crossover signals in Doppler-broadening-free saturation spectroscopy. A four-level crossover signal occurs when atoms in a segment of the velocity distribution absorb light from the saturating beam, radiatively decay in part to a different lower level, and cause enhanced absorption from the probe beam on a transition that shares neither a common upper nor a common lower level with the transition of the first absorption. We interpret a signal in a saturation spectrum published by H"ansch, Shahin, and Schawlow as a four-level crossover signal induced by radiative decay.

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.17.2099

Related papers

Saturated Absorption Spectroscopy

Will Raven

Abstract In this chapter, we explore the clever spectroscopy technique known as saturated absorption spectroscopy. This technique is used to remove Doppler profiles from spectroscopic signals. We will learn how saturated absorption spectroscopy works, including the roles of probe and pump beams, and the resulting spectral features. Additionally, we will examine the artifacts, specifically crossover features (V , $\Lambda$ Λ , and X crossovers), that may appear due to this technique and understand the conditions under which they occur. Practical examples using various atoms, advanced techniques for achieving crossover-free spectroscopy, and potential issues are also discussed.Abstract In this chapter, we explore the clever spectroscopy technique known as saturated absorption spectroscopy. This technique is used to remove Doppler profiles from spectroscopic signals. We will learn how saturated absorption spectroscopy works, including the roles of probe and pump beams, and the resulting spectral features. Additionally, we will examine the artifacts, specifically crossover features (V , $$\Lambda $$ Λ , and X crossovers), that may appear due to this technique and understand the conditions under which they occur. Practical examples using various atoms, advanced techniques for achieving crossover-free spectroscopy, and potential issues are also discussed.

Springer eBooksOct 17, 20240 citations

Theory of optical heterodyne three-level saturation spectroscopy via collinear non-degenerate four-wave mixing in coupled Doppler-broadened transitions

S. Le Boiteux, Daniel Bloch, M. Ducloy

We present a theoretical analysis of high-frequency optical heterodyne saturation spectroscopy in Doppler-broadened coupled three-level systems. The saturating beam, which is assumed to be amplitude modulated at frequency δ (double-sideband suppressed carrier amplitude modulation) is resonant for one of the transitions. Through non-degenerate four-wave mixing processes, this modulation is transferred to a probe beam, resonant for the coupled transition. Saturating and probe fields may be either co-propagating or counter-propagating. The lineshape of the probe modulation is analysed via a third-order perturbation expansion of the atomic density matrix with respect to the incident field amplitudes. The resulting signal is integrated over velocities, in the Doppler limit approximation. Both population saturation effects and coherent (Raman-type, or two-photon) processes contribute to the signal. The various contributions appear as Lorentzian-type resonance doublets. We show that, in the absence of relaxation processes (collisional dephasing, or radiative cascades), destructive interferences between population saturation and coherent two-photon processes are responsible for the disappearance of one resonance doublet. Phase-interrupting collisions are thus predicted to lead to the existence of a « pressure-induced extra-resonance » (PIER) doublet, which could yield information on collisional processes in the impact regime. The properties of the predicted PIER doublets are analysed in relation with other types of PIER signals studied in four-wave mixing, and in time-resolved saturation spectroscopy.We present a theoretical analysis of high-frequency optical heterodyne saturation spectroscopy in Doppler-broadened coupled three-level systems. The saturating beam, which is assumed to be amplitude modulated at frequency δ (double-sideband suppressed carrier amplitude modulation) is resonant for one of the transitions. Through non-degenerate four-wave mixing processes, this modulation is transferred to a probe beam, resonant for the coupled transition. Saturating and probe fields may be either co-propagating or counter-propagating. The lineshape of the probe modulation is analysed via a third-order perturbation expansion of the atomic density matrix with respect to the incident field amplitudes. The resulting signal is integrated over velocities, in the Doppler limit approximation. Both population saturation effects and coherent (Raman-type, or two-photon) processes contribute to the signal. The various contributions appear as Lorentzian-type resonance doublets. We show that, in the absence of relaxation processes (collisional dephasing, or radiative cascades), destructive interferences between population saturation and coherent two-photon processes are responsible for the disappearance of one resonance doublet. Phase-interrupting collisions are thus predicted to lead to the existence of a « pressure-induced extra-resonance » (PIER) doublet, which could yield information on collisional processes in the impact regime. The properties of the predicted PIER doublets are analysed in relation with other types of PIER signals studied in four-wave mixing, and in time-resolved saturation spectroscopy.

Journal de physiqueJan 1, 198610 citations

Four-level N-scheme crossover resonances in Rb saturation spectroscopy in magnetic fields

Stefano Scotto, D. Ciampini, Carlo Rizzo +1 more

We perform saturated absorption spectroscopy on the D $_2$ line for room temperature rubidium atoms immersed in magnetic fields within the 0.05-0.13 T range. At those medium-high field values the hyperfine structure in the excited state is broken by the Zeeman effect, while in the ground state hyperfine structure and Zeeman shifts are comparable. The observed spectra are composed by a large number of absorption lines. We identify them as saturated absorptions on two-level systems, on three-level systems in a V configuration and on four-level systems in a N or double-N configuration where two optical transitions not sharing a common level are coupled by spontaneous emission decays. We analyze the intensity of all those transitions within a unified simple theoretical model. We concentrate our attention on the double-N crossovers signals whose intensity is very large because of the symmetry in the branching ratios of the four levels. We point out that these structures, present in all alkali atoms at medium-high magnetic fields, have interesting properties for electromagnetically induced transparency and slow light applications.We perform saturated absorption spectroscopy on the D$_2$ line for room temperature rubidium atoms immersed in magnetic fields within the 0.05-0.13 T range. At those medium-high field values the hyperfine structure in the excited state is broken by the Zeeman effect, while in the ground state hyperfine structure and Zeeman shifts are comparable. The observed spectra are composed by a large number of absorption lines. We identify them as saturated absorptions on two-level systems, on three-level systems in a V configuration and on four-level systems in a N or double-N configuration where two optical transitions not sharing a common level are coupled by spontaneous emission decays. We analyze the intensity of all those transitions within a unified simple theoretical model. We concentrate our attention on the double-N crossovers signals whose intensity is very large because of the symmetry in the branching ratios of the four levels. We point out that these structures, present in all alkali atoms at medium-high magnetic fields, have interesting properties for electromagnetically induced transparency and slow light applications.

Sep 23, 20151 citation

Saturated-absorption spectroscopy: eliminating crossover resonances by use of copropagating beams

Ayan Banerjee, Vasant Natarajan A

We demonstrate a new technique for saturated-absorption spectroscopy by use of copropagating beams that does not have the problem of crossover resonances. The pump beam is locked to a transition, and its absorption signal is monitored while the probe beam is scanned. As the probe comes into resonance with another transition, the pump absorption is reduced and the signal shows a Doppler-free dip. We use this technique to measure hyperfine intervals in the D2 line of 85Rb with a precision of 70 kHz and to resolve hyperfine levels in the D2 line of 39K that are less than 10 MHz apart.We demonstrate a new technique for saturated-absorption spectroscopy by use of copropagating beams that does not have the problem of crossover resonances. The pump beam is locked to a transition, and its absorption signal is monitored while the probe beam is scanned. As the probe comes into resonance with another transition, the pump absorption is reduced and the signal shows a Doppler-free dip. We use this technique to measure hyperfine intervals in the D2 line of 85Rb with a precision of 70 kHz and to resolve hyperfine levels in the D2 line of 39K that are less than 10 MHz apart.

arXiv:physics/0307095Optics LettersOct 15, 200358 citations

Polarization-selective four-wave mixing in a degenerate multi-level system

Jaeuk Baek, Sanghyun Park, Min-Hwan Lee +2 more

Abstract This paper describes the first observation of polarization-selective four-wave mixing signals in conventional coupling-probe spectroscopy, specifically, saturation absorption spectroscopy in 85Rb atoms. The four-wave mixing signal is induced by two counter-propagating laser beams in a degenerate multi-level atomic system, involving the $F_g=3 \rightarrow F_e =2,3$ F g = 3 → F e = 2 , 3 , and 4 transitions of the 85Rb D2 line. Consequently, the four-wave mixing signals copropagating along the probe beam induce polarization rotation of a linearly polarized probe beam. To distinguish these four-wave mixing signals from the resulting probe beam, we detect the polarization components orthogonal to the polarization direction of the input probe beam, depending on the linear polarization angles between the probe and coupling beams. The experimental findings demonstrate excellent agreement with theoretical results.Abstract This paper describes the first observation of polarization-selective four-wave mixing signals in conventional coupling-probe spectroscopy, specifically, saturation absorption spectroscopy in 85Rb atoms. The four-wave mixing signal is induced by two counter-propagating laser beams in a degenerate multi-level atomic system, involving the $$F_g=3 \rightarrow F_e =2,3$$ F g = 3 → F e = 2 , 3 , and 4 transitions of the 85Rb D2 line. Consequently, the four-wave mixing signals copropagating along the probe beam induce polarization rotation of a linearly polarized probe beam. To distinguish these four-wave mixing signals from the resulting probe beam, we detect the polarization components orthogonal to the polarization direction of the input probe beam, depending on the linear polarization angles between the probe and coupling beams. The experimental findings demonstrate excellent agreement with theoretical results.

Scientific ReportsMar 8, 20247 citations

Four-level N -scheme crossover resonances in Rb saturation spectroscopy in magnetic fields

Stefano Scotto, D. Ciampini, Carlo Rizzo +1 more

We perform saturated absorption spectroscopy on the ${D}_{2}$ line for room temperature rubidium atoms immersed in magnetic fields within the 0.05--0.13 T range. At those medium-high field values the hyperfine structure in the excited state is broken by the Zeeman effect, while in the ground-state hyperfine structure and Zeeman shifts are comparable. The observed spectra are composed by a large number of absorption lines. We identify them as saturated absorptions on two-level systems, on three-level systems in a $\mathsf{V}$ configuration, and on four-level systems in an $\mathsf{N}$ or double- $\mathsf{N}$ configuration where two optical transitions not sharing a common level are coupled by spontaneous emission decays. We analyze the intensity of all those transitions within a unified simple theoretical model. We concentrate our attention on the double- $\mathsf{N}$ crossovers signals whose intensity is very large because of the symmetry in the branching ratios of the four levels. We point out that these structures, present in all alkali-metal atoms at medium-high magnetic fields, have interesting properties for electromagnetically induced transparency and slow light applications.We perform saturated absorption spectroscopy on the ${D}_{2}$ line for room temperature rubidium atoms immersed in magnetic fields within the 0.05--0.13 T range. At those medium-high field values the hyperfine structure in the excited state is broken by the Zeeman effect, while in the ground-state hyperfine structure and Zeeman shifts are comparable. The observed spectra are composed by a large number of absorption lines. We identify them as saturated absorptions on two-level systems, on three-level systems in a $\mathsf{V}$ configuration, and on four-level systems in an $\mathsf{N}$ or double-$\mathsf{N}$ configuration where two optical transitions not sharing a common level are coupled by spontaneous emission decays. We analyze the intensity of all those transitions within a unified simple theoretical model. We concentrate our attention on the double-$\mathsf{N}$ crossovers signals whose intensity is very large because of the symmetry in the branching ratios of the four levels. We point out that these structures, present in all alkali-metal atoms at medium-high magnetic fields, have interesting properties for electromagnetically induced transparency and slow light applications.

arXiv:1509.06978Physical Review ADec 7, 201534 citations

\Lambda

Λ , and X crossovers), that may appear due to this technique and understand the conditions under which they occur. Practical examples using various atoms, advanced techniques for achieving crossover-free spectroscopy, and potential issues are also discussed.

We perform saturated absorption spectroscopy on the D

_2

line for room temperature rubidium atoms immersed in magnetic fields within the 0.05-0.13 T range. At those medium-high field values the hyperfine structure in the excited state is broken by the Zeeman effect, while in the ground state hyperfine structure and Zeeman shifts are comparable. The observed spectra are composed by a large number of absorption lines. We identify them as saturated absorptions on two-level systems, on three-level systems in a V configuration and on four-level systems in a N or double-N configuration where two optical transitions not sharing a common level are coupled by spontaneous emission decays. We analyze the intensity of all those transitions within a unified simple theoretical model. We concentrate our attention on the double-N crossovers signals whose intensity is very large because of the symmetry in the branching ratios of the four levels. We point out that these structures, present in all alkali atoms at medium-high magnetic fields, have interesting properties for electromagnetically induced transparency and slow light applications.

F_g=3 \rightarrow F_e =2,3

F g = 3 → F e = 2 , 3 , and 4 transitions of the 85Rb D2 line. Consequently, the four-wave mixing signals copropagating along the probe beam induce polarization rotation of a linearly polarized probe beam. To distinguish these four-wave mixing signals from the resulting probe beam, we detect the polarization components orthogonal to the polarization direction of the input probe beam, depending on the linear polarization angles between the probe and coupling beams. The experimental findings demonstrate excellent agreement with theoretical results.

We perform saturated absorption spectroscopy on the

{D}_{2}

line for room temperature rubidium atoms immersed in magnetic fields within the 0.05--0.13 T range. At those medium-high field values the hyperfine structure in the excited state is broken by the Zeeman effect, while in the ground-state hyperfine structure and Zeeman shifts are comparable. The observed spectra are composed by a large number of absorption lines. We identify them as saturated absorptions on two-level systems, on three-level systems in a

\mathsf{V}

configuration, and on four-level systems in an

\mathsf{N}

or double-

\mathsf{N}

configuration where two optical transitions not sharing a common level are coupled by spontaneous emission decays. We analyze the intensity of all those transitions within a unified simple theoretical model. We concentrate our attention on the double-

\mathsf{N}

crossovers signals whose intensity is very large because of the symmetry in the branching ratios of the four levels. We point out that these structures, present in all alkali-metal atoms at medium-high magnetic fields, have interesting properties for electromagnetically induced transparency and slow light applications.