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Physical Review Letters

New Type of Evaporative Cooling for Neutral Atoms

Hubert Stoop

Published Apr 6, 1998• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

In this Letter, a new way of cooling neutral atoms is presented, based on the interaction of a trapped metastable atom with a space dependent static electric field. This electric field induces a population transfer from the metastable state to a radiative one. The transfer rate depends on the field intensity experienced by the atom. The spatial profile of the field is chosen to enhance this rate for the hottest atoms.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.80.3026

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A new type of evaporative cooling for neutral atoms [Review of: H. Stoop (1998) Comment on "A new type of evaporative cooling for neutral atoms"]

Tom W. Hijmans

Physical Review Letters•Jan 1, 1998•0 citations
In this Letter, a new way of cooling neutral atoms is presented, based on the interaction of a trapped metastable atom with a space dependent static electric field. This electric field induces a population transfer from the metastable state to a radiative one. The transfer rate depends on the field intensity experienced by the atom. The spatial profile of the field is chosen to enhance this rate for the hottest atoms.
Techniques to slowand t rap neutral atoms at high d ensities with r adiative forces are discussed in this review article. It isshown that the radiative force on an atomic system has two components, one coming from the rnomentum transferred from the photon to the atom and the other resul ting f rom the interaction of the transi t ion d i po 1 e mo- ment with the radiation field gradient. Among several methods of laser cooling, we emphasize Zeeman tuning of the electronic l evels and fre- quency-sweeping techniques. Trapping of neutral atoms is ano ther i n- teresting subject discussed in this review. We present recent resul ts obtained in light and magnetic traps. Finally, techniques to f urther c001 atoms inside traps a re presented and the future of laser cool i ng of neutral atoms by means of radiation pressure is discussed.
Magnetically trapped neutral atoms can be cooled with the evaporation technique. This is typically done by using a radio-frequency (rf) field that adiabatically couples trapped and untrapped internal atomic states for atoms with kinetic energies above a value set by the field frequency. The rf field can also induce nonadiabatic changes of internal atomic spin states (F,M)(F,M)(F,M) that lead to heating and enhanced loss of atoms. In this paper we use wave-packet simulations to show that the evaporation process can induce these nonadiabatic transitions, which change the internal spin state of doubly spin-polarized (2,2) trapped atoms. We also verify the validity of a multistate Landau-Zener model in describing the nonadiabatic dynamics. In addition, we calculate exchange relaxation rate coefficients for collisions between atoms in the (2,M)(2,M)(2,M) states of 23Na{}^{23}\mathrm{Na}23Na atoms. Large exchange relaxation coefficients for 23Na{}^{23}\mathrm{Na}23Na as compared to 87RbF=2{}^{87}\mathrm{Rb} F=287RbF=2 suggest that evaporative cooling of (2,2) Na will be more difficult than for the corresponding state of Rb.
We propose an efficient mechanism for the evaporative cooling of trapped fermions directly into quantum degeneracy. Our idea is based on an electric field induced elastic interaction between trapped atoms in spin symmetric states. We discuss some novel general features of fermionic evaporative cooling and present numerical studies demonstrating the feasibility for the cooling of alkali-metal fermionic species 6Li,{}^{6}\mathrm{Li},6Li, 40K,{}^{40}\mathrm{K},40K, and 82,84,86Rb.{}^{82,84,86}\mathrm{Rb}.82,84,86Rb. We also discuss the sympathetic cooling of fermionic hyperfine spin mixtures, including the effects of anisotropic interactions.
We present a simple review of the basic physical processes allowing one to control, with laser beams, the velocity and the position of neutral atoms. The control of the velocity corresponds to a cooling of atoms, that is, a reduction of the atomic velocity spread around a given value. The control of the position means a trapping of atoms in real space. The best present performances will be given, in terms of the lowest temperatures and the highest densities. The corresponding highest quantum degeneracy will also be estimated. It is imposed by fundamental limits, which will be described briefly. We also give the general trends in this field of research and outline the new directions which look promising for observing quantum statistical effects in laser cooled atomic samples, but which are for the moment restricted by unsolved problems. Introducing the Simple Schemes The radiative forces acting on atoms in a light field can be split into two parts, a reactive one and a dissipative one. The dissipative force (radiation pressure), which basically involves scattering processes, is velocity dependent. We will see that this dependence leads to the Doppler cooling scheme and to the concept of optical molasses, and we will give the corresponding minimal achievable temperature. The dissipative force can be made position dependent, through a gradient of the magnetic field, so that the atoms are also trapped in the so-called magneto-optical trap.