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Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General

On separable states for composite systems of distinguishable fermions

Hajime Moriya

Published Mar 22, 2006• 19 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We study separable (i.e., classically correlated) states for composite systems of spinless fermions that are distinguishable. For a proper formulation of entanglement formation for such systems, the state decompositions for mixed states should respect the univalence superselection rule. Fermion hopping always induces non-separability, while states with bosonic hopping correlation may or may not be separable. Under the Jordan–Klein–Wigner transformation from a given bipartite fermion system into a tensor product one, any separable state for the former is also separable for the latter. There are, however, U (1)-gauge invariant states that are non-separable for the former but separable for the latter.

DOI
10.1088/0305-4470/39/14/017

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We study separable (i.e., classically correlated) states for composite systems of spinless fermions that are distinguishable. For a proper formulation of entanglement formation for such systems, the state decompositions for mixed states should respect the univalence superselection rule. Fermion hopping always induces non-separability, while states with bosonic hopping correlation may or may not be separable. Under the Jordan–Klein–Wigner transformation from a given bipartite fermion system into a tensor product one, any separable state for the former is also separable for the latter. There are, however, U (1)-gauge invariant states that are non-separable for the former but separable for the latter.
We study characterization of separable (classically correlated) states for composite systems of distinguishable fermions. In the computation of entanglement formation for such systems where located subsystems are coupled by the canonical anticommutation relations (not by tensor product), the state decompositions to be taken should respect the univalence superselection rule. (The usual entanglement formation taking all the state decompositions measures non-separability of states between a given subsystem and its commutant and cannot detect non-separability between the CAR pair under our consideration properly.) We prove that any fermion hopping terms always induce non-separability. This feature contrasts with the case of tensor product systems where the states with bosonic hopping correlation may or may not be separable. If we transform a given bipartite fermion system into a tensor product system by Jordan-Klein-Wigner transformation, then any separable state for the former is also separable for the latter. We provide a class of U(1) gauge invariant mixed states that are non-separable for the former, however, separable for the latter. ∗ Mailing address:
We introduce a separability condition for the states of fermion lattice systems. It shares similar characterizations about the state correlation between a pair of disjoint subsystems with that for the tensor-product systems. We propose two seemingly natural non-separable degrees for the fermion lattice system based on our generalization of the entanglement of formation to an arbitrary, namely not necessarily independent pair of finite-dimensional subsystems imbedded in a composite system. We show the equivalence of their zero (non-zero) value and the separability (non-separability). A class of even mixed states with a fermionic correlation giving rise to the non-separability is studied. The usage of the same formula just as the entanglement of formation is inappropriate for the fermion system, since it does not detect the non-separability between the fermion pair of subsystems for those states.
We consider the two-fermion system whose states are subjected to the superselection rule forbidding the superposition of states with fermionic and bosonic statistics. This implies that separable states are described only by diagonal density matrices. Moreover, we find the explicit formula for the entanglement of formation, which in this case cannot be calculated properly using Wootters's concurrence. We also discuss the problem of the choice of tensor product decomposition in a system of two fermions with the help of Bogoliubov transformations of creation and annihilation operators. Finally, we show that there exist states which are separable with respect to all tensor product decompositions of the underlying Hilbert space.
The problem of the choice of tensor product decomposition in a system of two fermions with the help of Bogoliubov transformations of creation and annihilation operators is discussed. The set of physical states of the composite system is restricted by the superselection rule forbidding the superposition of fermions and bosons. It is shown that the Wootters concurrence is not the proper entanglement measure in this case. The explicit formula for the entanglement of formation is found. This formula shows that the entanglement of a given state depends on the tensor product decomposition of a Hilbert space. It is shown that the set of separable states is narrower than in the two-qubit case. Moreover, there exist states which are separable with respect to all tensor product decompositions of the Hilbert space.
The characterization of entanglement is a fundamental issue for Quantum Information Theory. But the definition of entanglement depends on the notion of locality, and thus on the tensor product structure of the state space of the composite system. This notion is affected by the presence of superselection rules that restrict the accessible Hilbert space to a direct sum of subspaces. Indistinguishability of particles imposes one such restriction, namely to totally symmetric or totally antisymmetric states. The entanglement can in this case be defined with respect to partitions of modes in the second quantization formalism. For fermionic systems the Fock space of m modes is isomorphic to the space of m qubits, but the action of creation and annihilation operators is not local, due to their anticommutation. Conservation of the parity of fermion number imposes another relevant superselection rule. It requires that local physical observables commute with the local parity operator. Taking into account the considerations above, it is possible to define the set of separable states or equivalently the concept of entanglement for fermionic systems in a number of ways. Here we analyze systematically these possibilities and the relation among the various sets of separable states. We also discuss the behavior of the different classes when taking several copies of the state, as well as the characterization of the sets in terms of the usual criteria regarding the tensor product.
We study quantum information aspects of the fermionic entanglement negativity recently introduced [H. Shapourian et al., Phys. Rev. B 95, 165101 (2017)] based on the fermionic partial transpose. In particular, we show that it is an entanglement monotone under the action of local quantum operations and classical communications, which preserves the local fermion-number parity, and satisfies other common properties expected for an entanglement measure of mixed states. We present fermionic analogs of tripartite entangled states such as WWW and Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states and compare the results of bosonic and fermionic partial transpose in various fermionic states, where we explain why the bosonic partial transpose fails in distinguishing separable states of fermions. Finally, we explore a set of entanglement quantities which distinguish different classes of entangled states of a system with two and three fermionic modes. In doing so, we prove that vanishing entanglement negativity is a necessary and sufficient condition for separability of $N\ensuremath{\ge}2$ fermionic modes with respect to the bipartition into one mode and the rest. We further conjecture that the entanglement negativity of inseparable states which mix local fermion-number parity is always nonvanishing.