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Physical Review Letters

Bose Condensates and Fermi Gases at Zero Temperature

Klaus Mølmer

Published Mar 2, 1998• 271 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We consider the $T\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0$ ground state of mixtures of bosons and fermions. Applying the Thomas-Fermi approximation we show that, depending on the strength of boson-boson and boson-fermion interactions, the Fermi gas may constitute a ``shell'' around or a ``core'' inside the Bose condensate, or even both.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.80.1804

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We consider the T=0T\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0T=0 ground state of mixtures of bosons and fermions. Applying the Thomas-Fermi approximation we show that, depending on the strength of boson-boson and boson-fermion interactions, the Fermi gas may constitute a shell'' around or a core'' inside the Bose condensate, or even both.
Previous numerical studies on the ground state structure of Bose--Fermi mixtures mostly relied on Thomas--Fermi (TF) approximation for the Fermi gas. In this paper, we establish the existence and uniqueness of ground state solutions of Bose--Fermi mixtures at zero temperature for both a coupled Gross--Pitaevskii (GP) equations model and a model with TF approximation for fermions. To prove the uniqueness, the key is to estimate the L∞L^\inftyL∞ bounds of the ground state solution. By implementing an efficient method---gradient flow with discrete normalization with backward Euler finite difference discretization---to compute the coupled GP equations, we report extensive numerical results in one and two dimensions. The numerical experiments show that we can also extract many interesting phenomena without reference to TF approximation for the fermions. Finally, we numerically compare the ground state solutions for the coupled GP equations model and the model with TF approximation for fermions as well as for the model with TF approximations for both bosons and fermions.
We investigate the properties of a dilute boson-fermion mixture at zero temperature. The ground-state energy of the system is calculated to second order in the Bose-Fermi coupling constant. The Green's function formalism is applied to obtain results for the effect of Bose-Fermi interactions on the spectrum of phonon excitations, the momentum distribution, the condensate fraction, and the superfluid density of the bosonic component. A quantitative discussion of these effects is presented in the case of mixtures with attractive interspecies interaction.
We present analytical studies of a trapped boson-fermion mixture at zero temperature with spin-polarized fermions. Using the Thomas–Fermi approximation for bosons and the local-density approximation for fermions, we find a large variety of different density shapes. In the case of continuous density, we obtain analytic conditions for each configuration for attractive as well as repulsive boson-fermion interaction. Furthermore, we analytically show that all the scenarios we describe are minima of the grand-canonical energy functional. Finally, we provide a full classification of all possible ground states in the interpenetrative regime. Our results also apply to binary mixtures of bosons.