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Applied Physics B

Detection of frequency red shifts and blue shifts for single-mode IR laser radiation in Rydberg matter

Leif Holmlid

Published Sep 28, 2004• 10 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s00340-004-1647-7

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When an almost single-mode IR laser beam is reflected from an IR window with a deposit of Rydberg Matter on the inner, vacuum face, the laser modes appear red-shifted; thus their maxima are observed at lower laser current. This effect is complementary to the previously reported blue-shifts of IR laser modes in transmission through Rydberg Matter. Both types of shifts are due to interaction between the laser modes, now proved by using only two isolated modes both in reflection and transmission. The general process is stimulated Raman scattering. Rydberg Matter is here formed from Rydberg states of K atoms and nitrogen molecules inside a vacuum chamber. A theoretical description is given that involves slow decay or increase in the energy of the photons interacting with the Rydberg Matter, depending on the temperature of this matter. This means that the two isolated modes studied may become almost resonant within certain frequency ranges. The energy increase (frequency blue-shifting) of photons passing hot Rydberg Matter has been reported previously. The description used explains both the red-shifted reflection and the blue-shifted transmission results.

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Wave-number blueshifts of single-mode laser light in low-density Rydberg matter are found to be due to stimulated Raman processes. The Rydberg matter is mainly formed from Rydberg states of K atoms. The lasers used are mW continuous-wave lasers in the ir, lead-salt tunable diode lasers. Of special significance is the blueshifting observed as shifts of Fabry-Perot etalon fringes of the order of 0.05 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. This blueshifting is explained as due to complete conversion to anti-Stokes radiation through higher-order stimulated Raman shifting by extremely small quanta from the near continuum of energy levels in the metallic Rydberg matter phase. Complicated strong shifts of intensity to larger wave numbers in the laser modes are also observed, due to coupling of laser side modes to the anti-Stokes waves. The high efficiency of the stimulated Raman process is partly due to the weak coupling to other degrees of freedom.

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When sodium vapor is irradiated with a single-frequency dye laser (pump) tuned in the vicinity of either of the Doppler-broadened D lines and enclosed in an optical cavity, Raman shifted oscillation builds up, which is blue shifted for a blue-detuned pump and red shifted for a red-detuned pump by 1.772 GHz (sodium ground-state hyperfine splitting).1 The gain mechanism responsible for this Raman-laser action can be understood by modeling sodium as a three-level atom. The Raman laser frequency is highly correlated with that of the pump as demonstrated earlier by observing a beat frequency bandwidth between the two lasers of as low as 17 kHz.2 (The pump had rms frequency fluctuation of the order of 10 MHz.) For spectroscopic applications, for example, frequency correlated laser beams are commonly generated using acoustooptic techniques which are difficult to implement beyond the gigahertz region. The Raman laser technique is extendable, in principle, even to the millimeter range. Here we present measurements of the sodium-density and pump-intensity dependence of the Raman-laser output and compare the results with those predicted by the three-level-atom model.

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When an almost single-mode IR laser beam is reflected from an IR window with a deposit of Rydberg Matter on the inner, vacuum face, the laser modes appear red-shifted; thus their maxima are observed at lower laser current. This effect is complementary to the previously reported blue-shifts of IR laser modes in transmission through Rydberg Matter. Both types of shifts are due to interaction between the laser modes, now proved by using only two isolated modes both in reflection and transmission. The general process is stimulated Raman scattering. Rydberg Matter is here formed from Rydberg states of K atoms and nitrogen molecules inside a vacuum chamber. A theoretical description is given that involves slow decay or increase in the energy of the photons interacting with the Rydberg Matter, depending on the temperature of this matter. This means that the two isolated modes studied may become almost resonant within certain frequency ranges. The energy increase (frequency blue-shifting) of photons passing hot Rydberg Matter has been reported previously. The description used explains both the red-shifted reflection and the blue-shifted transmission results.
Wave-number blueshifts of single-mode laser light in low-density Rydberg matter are found to be due to stimulated Raman processes. The Rydberg matter is mainly formed from Rydberg states of K atoms. The lasers used are mW continuous-wave lasers in the ir, lead-salt tunable diode lasers. Of special significance is the blueshifting observed as shifts of Fabry-Perot etalon fringes of the order of 0.05 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. This blueshifting is explained as due to complete conversion to anti-Stokes radiation through higher-order stimulated Raman shifting by extremely small quanta from the near continuum of energy levels in the metallic Rydberg matter phase. Complicated strong shifts of intensity to larger wave numbers in the laser modes are also observed, due to coupling of laser side modes to the anti-Stokes waves. The high efficiency of the stimulated Raman process is partly due to the weak coupling to other degrees of freedom.
When sodium vapor is irradiated with a single-frequency dye laser (pump) tuned in the vicinity of either of the Doppler-broadened D lines and enclosed in an optical cavity, Raman shifted oscillation builds up, which is blue shifted for a blue-detuned pump and red shifted for a red-detuned pump by 1.772 GHz (sodium ground-state hyperfine splitting).1 The gain mechanism responsible for this Raman-laser action can be understood by modeling sodium as a three-level atom. The Raman laser frequency is highly correlated with that of the pump as demonstrated earlier by observing a beat frequency bandwidth between the two lasers of as low as 17 kHz.2 (The pump had rms frequency fluctuation of the order of 10 MHz.) For spectroscopic applications, for example, frequency correlated laser beams are commonly generated using acoustooptic techniques which are difficult to implement beyond the gigahertz region. The Raman laser technique is extendable, in principle, even to the millimeter range. Here we present measurements of the sodium-density and pump-intensity dependence of the Raman-laser output and compare the results with those predicted by the three-level-atom model.