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Contemporary Physics

Quantum turbulence: from superfluid helium to atomic Bose–Einstein condensates

Makoto Tsubota

Published May 1, 2009• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This article reviews recent developments in quantum fluid dynamics and quantum turbulence (QT) for superfluid helium and atomic Bose–Einstein condensates. Quantum turbulence was discovered in superfluid 4He in the 1950s, but the field moved in a new direction starting around the mid-1990s. Quantum turbulence is comprised of quantised vortices that are definite topological defects arising from the order parameter appearing in Bose–Einstein condensation. Hence, QT is expected to yield a simpler model of turbulence than does conventional turbulence. A general introduction to this issue and a brief review of the basic concepts are followed by a description of vortex lattice formation in a rotating atomic Bose–Einstein condensate, typical of quantum fluid dynamics. Then we discuss recent developments in QT of superfluid helium such as the energy spectra and dissipative mechanisms at low temperatures, QT created by vibrating structures, and the visualisation of QT. As an application of these ideas, we end with a discussion of QT in atomic Bose–Einstein condensates.

DOI
10.1080/00107510902811959

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This article reviews recent developments in quantum fluid dynamics and quantum turbulence (QT) for superfluid helium and atomic Bose–Einstein condensates. Quantum turbulence was discovered in superfluid 4He in the 1950s, but the field moved in a new direction starting around the mid-1990s. Quantum turbulence is comprised of quantised vortices that are definite topological defects arising from the order parameter appearing in Bose–Einstein condensation. Hence, QT is expected to yield a simpler model of turbulence than does conventional turbulence. A general introduction to this issue and a brief review of the basic concepts are followed by a description of vortex lattice formation in a rotating atomic Bose–Einstein condensate, typical of quantum fluid dynamics. Then we discuss recent developments in QT of superfluid helium such as the energy spectra and dissipative mechanisms at low temperatures, QT created by vibrating structures, and the visualisation of QT. As an application of these ideas, we end with a discussion of QT in atomic Bose–Einstein condensates.
This paper reviews recent developments in the physics of quantum turbulence (QT). QT was discovered in superfluid (4)He in the 1950s, while the research has taken a new direction since the middle of the 1990s. QT is comprised of quantized vortices that are definite topological defects and expected to give a prototype of turbulence much simpler than usual classical turbulence. We give a general introduction and brief review of classical turbulence followed by a description of the dynamics of quantized vortices. After mentioning the modern research trends in QT, we discuss the energy spectra, the energy cascade and the possible dissipation mechanism of QT at very low temperatures. The last part is devoted to QT in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates.
Quantum turbulence comprises a tangle of quantized vortices which are stable topological defects created by Bose-Einstein condensation, being realized in superfluid helium and atomic Bose-Einstein condensates. In recent years there has been a growing interest in quantum turbulence. One of the important motivations is to understand the relation between quantum and classical turbulence. Quantum turbulence is expected to be much simpler than usual classical turbulence and give a prototype of turbulence. This article reviews shortly the recent research developments on quantum turbulence.
The term quantum turbulence denotes the turbulent motion of quantum fluids, systems such as superfluid helium and atomic Bose-Einstein condensates, which are characterized by quantized vorticity, superfluidity, and, at finite temperatures, two-fluid behavior. This article introduces their basic properties, describes types and regimes of turbulence that have been observed, and highlights similarities and differences between quantum turbulence and classical turbulence in ordinary fluids. Our aim is also to link together the articles of this special issue and to provide a perspective of the future development of a subject that contains aspects of fluid mechanics, atomic physics, condensed matter, and low-temperature physics.
Quantum turbulence is recently one of the most important topics in low temperature physics. Physics of quantum turbulence and quantized vortices have been studied chiefly in superfluid helium. The realization of atomic Bose-Einstein condensation has allowed us to study quantized vortives in the fascinating systems too. Generally there are two kinds of cooperative phenomena comprised of quantized vortices, from the research history of superfluid helium. Lots of studies in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) are devoted mainly to the issues of vortex lattices under rotation. However, another important state on quantized vortices, namely quantum turbulence, has been never studied in atomic BECs. In this work, we address for the first time quantum turbulence in atomic BECs theoretically and numerically. After reviewing shortly the recent developments on quantum turbulecne, we propose how to make quantum turbulence in a trapped BEC by combining rotation around two axes, and confirm the Kolmogorov spectra by the Gross-Pitaevskii model.