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Optics Letters

Competition between subharmonic and resonating beams for photorefractive gain in bismuth silicon oxide

D. C. Jones, LASZLO SOLYMAR

Published Jul 15, 1989• 28 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Two beams incident upon a bismuth silicon oxide crystal are shown to give rise to a subharmonic halfway between the incident beams and to an oscillating beam in a ring resonator. It is further shown that the two beams arising are in competition with each other: the subharmonic power rises when the oscillating beam declines owing to damping of the resonator.

DOI
10.1364/ol.14.000743

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Two beams incident upon a bismuth silicon oxide crystal are shown to give rise to a subharmonic halfway between the incident beams and to an oscillating beam in a ring resonator. It is further shown that the two beams arising are in competition with each other: the subharmonic power rises when the oscillating beam declines owing to damping of the resonator.
It has been shown experimentally1 that a subharmonic beam may appear spontaneously between two pump beams without detuning either of the beams when a field varying sinusoidally or in the form of a square wave is applied across the crystal. That work has now been extended to cover the rise of the subharmonics as a function of time and their dependence under stationary conditions on the ratio between the pump intensities. The experiments were done on photorefractive bismuth silicate crystals. A simple theory is found to describe well the repetition frequency at which the subharmonics appear.
We report on experimental and theoretical studies of a photorefractive ring resonator pumped by a 1.06 \ensuremath{\mu}m beam and injected with a weak, external, seeding beam. The competition between the two dominant gratings that form inside the photorefractive crystal leads to characteristic periodic oscillations in the intensity of the resonating beam, which originate from the frequency difference between the pump beam and the unidirectional oscillation beam. We show that such a system can be treated as a driven nonlinear oscillator.
We report the observation of bistability in a unidirectional ring resonator that employs photorefractive barium titanate for gain and also for saturated loss. One photorefractive crystal provides gain via two-beam coupling in a conventional unidirectional ring configuration.1 A second crystal is arranged to couple light out of the resonator using two-beam coupling, thereby producing loss. The orientations of the two crystals are chosen so that the magnitude of the small signal loss is greater than the magnitude of the small signal gain. Thus the oscillation in the ring cannot build up from noise since there is no net gain. However, the pump intensity for the gain medium is made larger than that for the loss medium. This means that the loss saturates at a lower signal level. Hence, at large intensities, gain can exceed net loss so oscillation can occur.
We demonstrate an optical flip-flop that consists of two unidirectional ring resonators that are coupled competitively through two-beam interactions in a photorefractive BaTiO(3) crystal. This crystal provides an active loss for each ring that depends on the oscillation intensity of the other. The coupled rings exhibit flip-flop bistability when the net gain, given by the product of the passive cavity losses and the gain, is greater than unity but is less than the small-signal active loss. The state of the system can be switched with an injected signal.