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Semiconductor Science and Technology

Quantum correlations in semiconductor microcavities

M. Kira, W. Hoyer, S. W. Koch, Peter Brick, Claudia Ell, M H bner, G. Khitrova, H. M. Gibbs

Published Sep 3, 2003• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The quantum mechanical nature of the light field in semiconductor microcavities leads to non-classical coupling effects between photons and electron–hole excitations. It is shown that these quantum correlations give rise to characteristic corrections of the semiclassical light-matter coupling dynamics. Examples of quantum correlation signatures include entanglement effects in the probe reflection of a microcavity system and squeezing in the incoherent emission.

DOI
10.1088/0268-1242/18/10/315

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The quantum mechanical nature of the light field in semiconductor microcavities leads to non-classical coupling effects between photons and electron–hole excitations. It is shown that these quantum correlations give rise to characteristic corrections of the semiclassical light-matter coupling dynamics. Examples of quantum correlation signatures include entanglement effects in the probe reflection of a microcavity system and squeezing in the incoherent emission.
A microscopic many-body theory for the optical and electronic properties of semiconductors is reviewed with an emphasis on the role of correlation effects. At the semiclassical level, the semiconductor Bloch equations include many-body effects via bandgap and field renormalization as well as correlation contributions representing two electron-hole pair amplitudes, excitonic populations, and coupled interband and intraband coherences. These Coulomb interaction induced carrier correlations lead to characteristic signatures in nonlinear semiconductor spectroscopy. At the fully quantum mechanical level the dominant light-matter correlations are described by coupled semiconductor Bloch and luminescence equations. Excitonic emission properties of quantum well and microcavity systems are discussed, including effects such as coherent signatures in the secondary emission and coherent control of the emitted light.
We study how the interplay of weak excitation regime of quantum well confined in a semiconductor microcavity affects the dynamics of correlations and the statistical properties of photons. We discuss how the system parameters can impact the quantum entropy and Mandel’s parameter, and illustrate our concerns with numerical simulations. We have found that the enhancement of the correlations and the control of the statistical properties of photons in semiconductor microcavities for multi-photon excitation highly benefits from the combination of the strength of the field, excitonic spontaneous emission rate, cavity dissipative rate, and the coupling between the exciton and photons. Our results may have important implications not only for those specially interested in quantum optics and information, but also for the general physics community.
Summary form only given. The nonlinear optical response of semiconductor microcavities in the nonperturbative regime has been the subject of many recent experiments. Contrary to clear demonstrations of the quantized nature of the vacuum-field Rabi splitting of a single atom, most of the experiments on semi-conductor microcavities could be explained in terms of a classical light field. Only recently, quantized light field effects have been reported in a coherent control experiment (Lee et al, 1999) and theoretically investigated in secondary emission (Kira et al, 1999). Here, results are presented that display a pronounced third transmission maximum lying energetically between the two normal modes. The third peak can be observed in resonant femtosecond single-beam as well as picosecond pump-probe experiments under various excitation conditions.
The normal modes in a nonperturbatively coupled quantum-well semiconductor microcavity are linear superpositions of the QW exciton and cavity mode when the QW exciton transition is resonant with the cavity mode. When the lower normal mode is excited by a phase-locked pair of optical pulses, the nonlinear response of a probe pulse tuned to the upper mode is controlled. Thus the normal modes are coupled in their nonlinear optical response due to the nonlinearity of the exciton underlying the two normal modes. The cavity enhancement of the excitonic nonlinearity gives rise to a large signal; modulating the relative phase of the excitation pulses produces a differential reflectivity of up to 10%. Besides the coherent control of normal modes which is explainable with in the frame of semiclassical models, we observe a purely quantum mechanical phenomenon in our system. The quantum correlations between the field and carrier density lead to intraband coherences which live much longer than the interband dephasing time.