Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Spectral hole burning by population storage in Zeeman sublevels of LaFsub3: Nd3+

R. M. Macfarlane, J. C. Vial

Published Sep 1, 1987• 33 citations

Abstract

We demonstrate a new mechanism for optical spectral hole burning in which population is stored in electronic Zeeman sublevels. This is shown by optical pumping the ground-state Kramers doublet of the $^{4}\mathrm{I}_{9/2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}}}^{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{11/2}$ (6248.9 A\r{}) and $^{4}\mathrm{I}_{9/2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}}}^{4}$${\mathrm{G}}_{5/2}$ (5777.1 A\r{}) transitions of ${\mathrm{LaF}}_{3}$:${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ with a narrow-band cw dye laser. Experiments were carried out at 1.6 K in external fields of \ensuremath{\sim}100 G. The Zeeman shift of the resulting antiholes and holes makes an assignment of these structures possible. Hole recovery times of hundreds of milliseconds are shorter than expected at these low temperatures and fields and provide evidence for optical spectral diffusion caused by mutual spin flips in the ground state.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.36.3511

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Spectral hole-burning spectroscopy in Nd 3 + : Y V O 4

Sara R. Hastings-Simon, Mikael Afzelius, Jiří Minář +9 more

Physical Review BMar 10, 200841 citations

Efficient and long-lived Zeeman-sublevel atomic population storage in an erbium-doped glass fiber

Erhan Sağlamyürek, Thomas Lutz, Lucile Veissier +4 more

arXiv:1507.03012Physical Review BDec 14, 201532 citations

Time-resolved spectral hole burning in Er^3+:YLiF_4: experiments and computer simulations

Y. P. Wang, R. M. Macfarlane, David Paul Landau +1 more

Journal of the Optical Society of America BJun 1, 199216 citations

Hole-burning experiments and modeling in erbium-doped silica glass fibers down to millikelvin temperatures: Evidence for ultralong population storage

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Zeeman-level lifetimes in Er3+:Y2SiO5

Sara R. Hastings-Simon, Björn Lauritzen, M. U. Staudt +5 more

Physical Review BAug 11, 200856 citations

Optical hole burning and spectral diffusion in ruby

A. Szabó, Rein K. Kaarli

Physical review. B, Condensed matterDec 1, 199148 citations

Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Spectral hole burning by population storage in Zeeman sublevels of LaFsub3: Nd3+

R. M. Macfarlane, J. C. Vial

Published Sep 1, 1987• 33 citations

Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate a new mechanism for optical spectral hole burning in which population is stored in electronic Zeeman sublevels. This is shown by optical pumping the ground-state Kramers doublet of the

^{4}\mathrm{I}_{9/2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}}}^{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{11/2}

(6248.9 A\r{}) and

^{4}\mathrm{I}_{9/2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}}}^{4}$${\mathrm{G}}_{5/2}

(5777.1 A\r{}) transitions of

{\mathrm{LaF}}_{3}

{\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}

with a narrow-band cw dye laser. Experiments were carried out at 1.6 K in external fields of \ensuremath{\sim}100 G. The Zeeman shift of the resulting antiholes and holes makes an assignment of these structures possible. Hole recovery times of hundreds of milliseconds are shorter than expected at these low temperatures and fields and provide evidence for optical spectral diffusion caused by mutual spin flips in the ground state.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.36.3511

Related papers

Spectral hole-burning spectroscopy in Nd 3 + : Y V O 4

Sara R. Hastings-Simon, Mikael Afzelius, Jiří Minář +9 more

We present spectral hole-burning measurements on the $879\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ , $^{4}I_{9∕2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{4}F_{3∕2}$ transition in ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}:\mathrm{Y}\mathrm{V}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ . We observe antiholes in the spectrum along with long lived spectral holes, which demonstrates optical pumping between the ground state Zeeman levels. The spectral holes are narrow (homogeneous linewidth of $63\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz}$ ) at $2.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ with a $300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mT}$ applied magnetic field. We also perform preliminary spectral tailoring in this material by creating a $40\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$ wide transmission window in the inhomogeneous absorption. These results show the potential of the Zeeman levels in Nd doped materials to be used for spectral tailoring for quantum and classical information processing.We present spectral hole-burning measurements on the $879\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, $^{4}I_{9∕2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{4}F_{3∕2}$ transition in ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}:\mathrm{Y}\mathrm{V}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. We observe antiholes in the spectrum along with long lived spectral holes, which demonstrates optical pumping between the ground state Zeeman levels. The spectral holes are narrow (homogeneous linewidth of $63\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz}$) at $2.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ with a $300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mT}$ applied magnetic field. We also perform preliminary spectral tailoring in this material by creating a $40\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$ wide transmission window in the inhomogeneous absorption. These results show the potential of the Zeeman levels in Nd doped materials to be used for spectral tailoring for quantum and classical information processing.

Physical Review BMar 10, 200841 citations

Efficient and long-lived Zeeman-sublevel atomic population storage in an erbium-doped glass fiber

Erhan Sağlamyürek, Thomas Lutz, Lucile Veissier +4 more

Long-lived population storage in optically pumped levels of rare-earth ions doped into solids, referred to as persistent spectral hole burning, is of significant fundamental and technological interest. However, the demonstration of deep and persistent holes in rare-earth ion doped amorphous hosts, e.g., glasses, has remained an open challenge for many decades---a fact that motivates our work towards a better understanding of the interaction between impurities and vibrational modes in glasses. Here we report the observation and detailed characterization of such holes in an erbium-doped silica glass fiber cooled to below 1 K. We demonstrate population storage in electronic Zeeman sublevels of the erbium ground state with lifetimes up to 30 seconds and 80% spin polarization. In addition to its fundamental aspect, our investigation reveals a potential technological application of rare-earth ion doped amorphous materials, including at telecommunication wavelength.Long-lived population storage in optically pumped levels of rare-earth ions doped into solids, referred to as persistent spectral hole burning, is of significant fundamental and technological interest. However, the demonstration of deep and persistent holes in rare-earth ion doped amorphous hosts, e.g., glasses, has remained an open challenge for many decades---a fact that motivates our work towards a better understanding of the interaction between impurities and vibrational modes in glasses. Here we report the observation and detailed characterization of such holes in an erbium-doped silica glass fiber cooled to below 1 K. We demonstrate population storage in electronic Zeeman sublevels of the erbium ground state with lifetimes up to 30 seconds and 80% spin polarization. In addition to its fundamental aspect, our investigation reveals a potential technological application of rare-earth ion doped amorphous materials, including at telecommunication wavelength.

arXiv:1507.03012Physical Review BDec 14, 201532 citations

Time-resolved spectral hole burning in Er^3+:YLiF_4: experiments and computer simulations

Y. P. Wang, R. M. Macfarlane, David Paul Landau +1 more

We have measured spectral diffusion in Er3+-doped YLiF4 from the time dependence of spectral hole shapes. The holes were burned in the absorption corresponding to the transition between the lowest Zeeman components of the 4I15/2(1) and 4F9/2(1) levels of Er3+:YLiF4 at 15298.6 cm−1 and were scanned by rapid Zeeman tuning of the erbium energy levels. In an external magnetic field of 26 kG, which supresses erbium–erbium spin flips, the mechanism for spectral diffusion involved local field fluctuations that are due to 19F nuclear spin flips in the perturbing field of the erbium electron spins. Numerical simulation of the fluorine spin dynamics gives semiquantitative agreement with the observed time-dependent hole shapes.We have measured spectral diffusion in Er3+-doped YLiF4 from the time dependence of spectral hole shapes. The holes were burned in the absorption corresponding to the transition between the lowest Zeeman components of the 4I15/2(1) and 4F9/2(1) levels of Er3+:YLiF4 at 15298.6 cm−1 and were scanned by rapid Zeeman tuning of the erbium energy levels. In an external magnetic field of 26 kG, which supresses erbium–erbium spin flips, the mechanism for spectral diffusion involved local field fluctuations that are due to 19F nuclear spin flips in the perturbing field of the erbium electron spins. Numerical simulation of the fluorine spin dynamics gives semiquantitative agreement with the observed time-dependent hole shapes.

Journal of the Optical Society of America BJun 1, 199216 citations

Hole-burning experiments and modeling in erbium-doped silica glass fibers down to millikelvin temperatures: Evidence for ultralong population storage

Mahdi Bornadel, Sara Shafiei Alavijeh, Farhad Rasekh +5 more

We use spectral hole burning to investigate spin dynamics within the electronic Zeeman sublevels of the ground state of the erbium ions in erbium-doped fibers (EDF). Conducted at ultra-low temperatures and under varying magnetic fields, our study reveals distinct changes in spin relaxation dynamics across different conditions. We identified three decay components at approximately 7 mK, with one achieving spin lifetimes of over 9 hours under optimal conditions, while two components were observed at higher temperatures. The fairly stable relative weights of the decay components across conditions suggest distinct ion populations contributing to the observed relaxation dynamics. While earlier studies struggled to account for all decay components at higher temperatures, our approach successfully models spin dynamics across all observed decay components, using a consistent set of underlying mechanisms, including spin flip-flop interactions, direct coupling to two-level systems, and Raman-type processes, and distinguishes the decay components by the strengths with which these mechanisms contribute. These results suggest EDFs' potential as a promising candidate for quantum memory applications, with further room for optimization.We use spectral hole burning to investigate spin dynamics within the electronic Zeeman sublevels of the ground state of the erbium ions in erbium-doped fibers (EDF). Conducted at ultra-low temperatures and under varying magnetic fields, our study reveals distinct changes in spin relaxation dynamics across different conditions. We identified three decay components at approximately 7 mK, with one achieving spin lifetimes of over 9 hours under optimal conditions, while two components were observed at higher temperatures. The fairly stable relative weights of the decay components across conditions suggest distinct ion populations contributing to the observed relaxation dynamics. While earlier studies struggled to account for all decay components at higher temperatures, our approach successfully models spin dynamics across all observed decay components, using a consistent set of underlying mechanisms, including spin flip-flop interactions, direct coupling to two-level systems, and Raman-type processes, and distinguishes the decay components by the strengths with which these mechanisms contribute. These results suggest EDFs' potential as a promising candidate for quantum memory applications, with further room for optimization.

arXiv:2412.16013Physical Review AppliedJun 18, 20255 citations

Zeeman-level lifetimes in Er3+:Y2SiO5

Sara R. Hastings-Simon, Björn Lauritzen, M. U. Staudt +5 more

We present measurements of Zeeman-level population lifetimes in ${\text{Er}}^{3+}:{\text{Y}}_{2}{\text{SiO}}_{5}$ at low magnetic fields and low temperatures. Using spectral hole burning spectroscopy, we investigate the dynamics and temperature dependence of the hole structure due to the Zeeman interaction. Evidence for population storage in Zeeman levels with lifetimes of up to 130 ms is found in the form of long-lived spectral holes and antiholes. We also observe that a subset of the erbium ions exhibit very long-lived holes with lifetimes as long as 60 s at 2.8 K.We present measurements of Zeeman-level population lifetimes in ${\text{Er}}^{3+}:{\text{Y}}_{2}{\text{SiO}}_{5}$ at low magnetic fields and low temperatures. Using spectral hole burning spectroscopy, we investigate the dynamics and temperature dependence of the hole structure due to the Zeeman interaction. Evidence for population storage in Zeeman levels with lifetimes of up to 130 ms is found in the form of long-lived spectral holes and antiholes. We also observe that a subset of the erbium ions exhibit very long-lived holes with lifetimes as long as 60 s at 2.8 K.

Physical Review BAug 11, 200856 citations

Optical hole burning and spectral diffusion in ruby

A. Szabó, Rein K. Kaarli

Frequency-domain optical hole burning of the ${\mathit{R}}_{1}$ line ${[}^{4}$ ${\mathit{A}}_{2}$ (-1/2)\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}E\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}(-1/2) transition] in dilute ruby is studied at 2 K and with a field of 3.6 kG applied along the c axis. A pump-probe (PP) technique is used with precise probe-frequency shifting obtained by an acousto-optic modulator. For sufficiently short PP pulses (50 \ensuremath{\mu}s), two holes (narrow and wide) are observed. The narrow (\ensuremath{\sim}20 kHz half width at half maximum at low power) hole-width dependence on Rabi frequency approximately agrees with that inferred from free-induction-decay measurements. For the present concentration (0.0034 wt. % ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ ) and field, the narrow hole width is determined by fluctuating fields produced by Cr-Cr spin flips [A. Szabo, T. Muramoto, and R. Kaarli, Phys. Rev. B 42, 7769 (1990)]. When the PP delay time is varied, the amplitude of the narrow hole decays with a 1/e time constant of \ensuremath{\sim}300 \ensuremath{\mu}s compared to the E\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} fluorescence lifetime of 4 ms. The wide hole (\ensuremath{\sim}500 kHz half width at half maximum) is due to Al-Cr superhyperfine interactions and is created by a spectral diffusion mechanism driven by Al-spin flipping in the host lattice.Frequency-domain optical hole burning of the ${\mathit{R}}_{1}$ line ${[}^{4}$${\mathit{A}}_{2}$(-1/2)\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}E\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}(-1/2) transition] in dilute ruby is studied at 2 K and with a field of 3.6 kG applied along the c axis. A pump-probe (PP) technique is used with precise probe-frequency shifting obtained by an acousto-optic modulator. For sufficiently short PP pulses (50 \ensuremath{\mu}s), two holes (narrow and wide) are observed. The narrow (\ensuremath{\sim}20 kHz half width at half maximum at low power) hole-width dependence on Rabi frequency approximately agrees with that inferred from free-induction-decay measurements. For the present concentration (0.0034 wt. % ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$) and field, the narrow hole width is determined by fluctuating fields produced by Cr-Cr spin flips [A. Szabo, T. Muramoto, and R. Kaarli, Phys. Rev. B 42, 7769 (1990)]. When the PP delay time is varied, the amplitude of the narrow hole decays with a 1/e time constant of \ensuremath{\sim}300 \ensuremath{\mu}s compared to the E\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} fluorescence lifetime of 4 ms. The wide hole (\ensuremath{\sim}500 kHz half width at half maximum) is due to Al-Cr superhyperfine interactions and is created by a spectral diffusion mechanism driven by Al-spin flipping in the host lattice.

Physical review. B, Condensed matterDec 1, 199148 citations

We demonstrate a new mechanism for optical spectral hole burning in which population is stored in electronic Zeeman sublevels. This is shown by optical pumping the ground-state Kramers doublet of the

^{4}\mathrm{I}_{9/2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}}}^{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{11/2}

(6248.9 A\r{}) and

^{4}\mathrm{I}_{9/2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}}}^{4}$${\mathrm{G}}_{5/2}

(5777.1 A\r{}) transitions of

{\mathrm{LaF}}_{3}

{\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}

We present spectral hole-burning measurements on the

879\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}

, $^{4}I_{9∕2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{4}F_{3∕2}$ transition in

{\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}:\mathrm{Y}\mathrm{V}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}

. We observe antiholes in the spectrum along with long lived spectral holes, which demonstrates optical pumping between the ground state Zeeman levels. The spectral holes are narrow (homogeneous linewidth of

63\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz}

) at

2.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}

with a

300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mT}

applied magnetic field. We also perform preliminary spectral tailoring in this material by creating a

40\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}

wide transmission window in the inhomogeneous absorption. These results show the potential of the Zeeman levels in Nd doped materials to be used for spectral tailoring for quantum and classical information processing.

We present measurements of Zeeman-level population lifetimes in

{\text{Er}}^{3+}:{\text{Y}}_{2}{\text{SiO}}_{5}

at low magnetic fields and low temperatures. Using spectral hole burning spectroscopy, we investigate the dynamics and temperature dependence of the hole structure due to the Zeeman interaction. Evidence for population storage in Zeeman levels with lifetimes of up to 130 ms is found in the form of long-lived spectral holes and antiholes. We also observe that a subset of the erbium ions exhibit very long-lived holes with lifetimes as long as 60 s at 2.8 K.

Frequency-domain optical hole burning of the

{\mathit{R}}_{1}

line

{[}^{4}

{\mathit{A}}_{2}

(-1/2)\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}E\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}(-1/2) transition] in dilute ruby is studied at 2 K and with a field of 3.6 kG applied along the c axis. A pump-probe (PP) technique is used with precise probe-frequency shifting obtained by an acousto-optic modulator. For sufficiently short PP pulses (50 \ensuremath{\mu}s), two holes (narrow and wide) are observed. The narrow (\ensuremath{\sim}20 kHz half width at half maximum at low power) hole-width dependence on Rabi frequency approximately agrees with that inferred from free-induction-decay measurements. For the present concentration (0.0034 wt. %

{\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}

{\mathrm{O}}_{3}

) and field, the narrow hole width is determined by fluctuating fields produced by Cr-Cr spin flips [A. Szabo, T. Muramoto, and R. Kaarli, Phys. Rev. B 42, 7769 (1990)]. When the PP delay time is varied, the amplitude of the narrow hole decays with a 1/e time constant of \ensuremath{\sim}300 \ensuremath{\mu}s compared to the E\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} fluorescence lifetime of 4 ms. The wide hole (\ensuremath{\sim}500 kHz half width at half maximum) is due to Al-Cr superhyperfine interactions and is created by a spectral diffusion mechanism driven by Al-spin flipping in the host lattice.