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Physical Review A

Quantum interface to a noisy system through a single kind of arbitrary Gaussian coupling with limited interaction strength

Radim Filip

Published Aug 4, 2009• 24 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose a continuous-variable quantum interface that transfers an arbitrary unknown quantum state between a well-controllable source oscillator and a weakly controllable noisy target oscillator through an arbitrary Gaussian coupling. The unit fidelity of transfer is achieved by the preprocessing of the source state involving an ancillary system, collective measurement of the source after the coupling together with the ancilla, and by a subsequent feed-forward correction of the target. Particularly, these techniques allow the transfer of quantum states of light to arbitrarily noisy matter systems.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.80.022304

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We propose a continuous-variable quantum interface that transfers an arbitrary unknown quantum state between a well-controllable source oscillator and a weakly controllable noisy target oscillator through an arbitrary Gaussian coupling. The unit fidelity of transfer is achieved by the preprocessing of the source state involving an ancillary system, collective measurement of the source after the coupling together with the ancilla, and by a subsequent feed-forward correction of the target. Particularly, these techniques allow the transfer of quantum states of light to arbitrarily noisy matter systems.
We propose a quantum interface protocol based on two quantum nondemolition (QND) interactions arranged either in sequence or in parallel. Since the QND coupling arises naturally in interactions between light and a macroscopic ensemble of atoms, or between light and a micromechanical oscillator, the proposed interface is capable of transferring a state of light onto these matter systems. The transfer itself is perfect and deterministic for any quantum state, for arbitrarily small interaction strengths, and for arbitrarily large noise of the target system. It requires an all-optical preprocessing with a coupling stronger than that between the light and the matter, and a displacement feed-forward correction of the matter system. We also suggest a probabilistic version of the interface, which eliminates the need for the feed-forward correction at the cost of a reduced success rate. An application of the interface can be found in the construction of a quantum memory or in the state preparation for quantum sensing.
One of the strengths of quantum information theory is that it can treat quantum states without referring to their particular physical representation. In principle, quantum states can be therefore fully swapped between various quantum systems by their mutual interaction and this quantum state transfer is crucial for many quantum communication and information processing tasks. In practice, however, the achievable interaction time and strength are often limited by decoherence. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate a procedure for faithful quantum state transfer between two weakly interacting qubits. Our scheme enables a probabilistic yet perfect unidirectional transfer of an arbitrary unknown state of a source qubit onto a target qubit prepared initially in a known state. The transfer is achieved by a combination of a suitable measurement of the source qubit and quantum filtering on the target qubit depending on the outcome of measurement on the source qubit. We experimentally verify feasibility and robustness of the transfer using a linear optical setup with qubits encoded into polarization states of single photons.
The commonly used teleportation-based interfaces between light and matter are very sensitive to noise of matter systems and also to the optical in-coupling and out-coupling losses. These imperfections produce classical noise in the teleportation interface, which significantly limits the transmission of quantum states. We propose robust quantum interfaces between weakly coupled continuous variables of light and matter. The state transfer introduces only pure loss, without any additional classical noise, despite a presence of in-coupling and out-coupling optical losses. These interfaces qualitatively overcome commonly used interfaces based on quantum teleportation.
An engineering technique using continuous quantum measurement in conjunction with feed forward is proposed to improve indistinguishability of a single-photon source. The technique involves continuous monitoring of the state of the emitter, processing the noisy output signal with a simple linear estimation algorithm, and feed forward to control a variable delay at the output. In the weak-coupling regime, the information gained by monitoring the state of the emitter is used to reduce the time uncertainty inherent in photon emission from the source, which improves the indistinguishability of the emitted photons.
Engineering non-classical states of the electromagnetic field is a central quest for quantum optics1,2. Beyond their fundamental significance, such states are indeed the resources for implementing various protocols, ranging from enhanced metrology to quantum communication and computing. A variety of devices can be used to generate non-classical states, such as single emitters, light-matter interfaces or non-linear systems3. We focus here on the use of a continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator3,4. This system is based on a non-linear χ2 crystal inserted inside an optical cavity and it is now well-known as a very efficient source of non-classical light, such as single-mode or two-mode squeezed vacuum depending on the crystal phase matching. Squeezed vacuum is a Gaussian state as its quadrature distributions follow a Gaussian statistics. However, it has been shown that number of protocols require non-Gaussian states5. Generating directly such states is a difficult task and would require strong χ3 non-linearities. Another procedure, probabilistic but heralded, consists in using a measurement-induced non-linearity via a conditional preparation technique operated on Gaussian states. Here, we detail this generation protocol for two non-Gaussian states, the single-photon state and a superposition of coherent states, using two differently phase-matched parametric oscillators as primary resources. This technique enables achievement of a high fidelity with the targeted state and generation of the state in a well-controlled spatiotemporal mode.
Transferring a quantum state of a light field to a memory is of particular importance. However, this transfer is usually hampered because the memory system is subjected to some noise and this can limit the performance of the state transfer greatly. In this paper, we consider the transfer of a Gaussian state of light to a linear medium memory such as an optomechanical oscillator and propose a dynamical feedback controller that suppresses the noise in the memory system. To protect an unknown state, the feedback scheme employs the specific configuration of the quantum error correction; that is, a three-mode Gaussian state having appropriate syndromes is taken as the input. Correspondingly, the memory consists of three independent linear systems. The syndrome errors are estimated continuously in time through the measurement of the output field, and the results are then fed back to control the system. Because the input is Gaussian and the systems are all linear, it is possible to formulate the problem using the framework of the celebrated classical Kalman filtering and linear quadratic Gaussian control. A numerical simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the control scheme.