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AIP conference proceedings

Comparison of the Chebyshev Method and the Generalized Crank-Nicholson Method for time Propagation in Quantum Mechanics

Martin S. Formanek, M. Vana, Karel Houfek, Theodore E. Simos, George Psihoyios, Ch. Tsitouras

Published Jan 1, 2010• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We compare efficiency of two methods for numerical solution of the time‐dependent Schrödinger equation, namely the Chebyshev method and the recently introduced generalized Crank‐Nicholson method. As a testing system the free propagation of a particle in one dimension is used. The space discretization is based on the high‐order finite diferences to approximate accurately the kinetic energy operator in the Hamiltonian. We show that the choice of the more effective method depends on how many wave functions must be calculated during the given time interval to obtain relevant and reasonably accurate information about the system, i.e. on the choice of the time step.

DOI
10.1063/1.3498565

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We compare efficiency of two methods for numerical solution of the time‐dependent Schrödinger equation, namely the Chebyshev method and the recently introduced generalized Crank‐Nicholson method. As a testing system the free propagation of a particle in one dimension is used. The space discretization is based on the high‐order finite diferences to approximate accurately the kinetic energy operator in the Hamiltonian. We show that the choice of the more effective method depends on how many wave functions must be calculated during the given time interval to obtain relevant and reasonably accurate information about the system, i.e. on the choice of the time step.
Recent significant improvements of the numerical solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation beg the question as to whether these recent methods are comparable in efficacy (in terms of accuracy and computational time) to the current "method of choice," i.e., the Chebyshev expansion of the time-evolution operator and the fast-Fourier-transform method of determining the kinetic energy. In this paper we review the methods in question and, by studying the time development of a coherent wave packet in an oscillator well, we are able to assess the effectiveness of the various methods. It turns out that the new generalizations come close (to within an order of magnitude) to being able to generate solutions as precisely and efficiently as the Chebyshev-fast-Fourier-transform method. The strict unitarity of the generalized methods may be an advantage. We also show that the fast-Fourier-transform approach to calculating the kinetic energy can be replaced by straightforward numerical differentiation to obtain the same precision.
Abstract The time-dependent Schrödinger equation is fundamental to quantum mechanics, describing the evolution of quantum systems. This study introduces a novel numerical approach that extends and modifies the Crank-Nicholson method to solve the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. This method is designed to enhance both the precision and performance of computational results, especially in the context of quantum tunneling phenomena and applications that require high accuracy over long periods. To assess the precision and performance of the modified Crank-Nicolson method, we benchmark it against two well-known numerical methods: the Runge-Kutta method and the Split-Step Fourier method. Quantum tunneling is selected as the case study due to its relevance in quantum physics applications. Comparative analysis is based on numerical error metrics. The proposed method can be applied to other physical phenomena, expanding its potential application in physics research and technology industries.
Various numerical integration schemes to calculate the propagation of a state following the time-dependent Schrodinger equation in the one dimensional position representation are presented and compared to each other. Three potentials have been used: a harmonic, a double-well and a zero potential. Eigenstates and a coherent state have been chosen as initial states. Special attention has been given to the long-time stability of the algorithms. These are: kinetic referenced split operator (KRSO), kinetic referenced Cayley (KRC), distributed approximating functions (DAF), Chebysheff expansion (CH), residuum minimization (RES), second-order differencing (SOD), an eigenstate expansion (EE) and a corrected kinetic referenced split operator (CKRSO). In addition, a speedup of the KRC and KRSO methods is presented which is specially suited when very few grid points are used. Numerical results are compared to analytically calculated values. Mixed classical/quantum mechanical simulations require a representation of the quantum state on a limited number of grid points, classical integration time steps of about one femtosecond and compatibility with methods to solve the time-ordering problem. For the considered potentials which differ quite essentially from the potentials used for scattering problems in particle physics, the EE method has been found to be faster, more accurate and more stable than the other methods if only a few grid points are required. Otherwise, good results have been obtained with KRC, KRSO, CH, DAF and RES. SOD has been found to be too slow, and CKRSO is not stable enough for long simulation times.
We present a generalization of the often-used Crank-Nicolson (CN) method of obtaining numerical solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. The generalization yields numerical solutions accurate to order (Deltax)2r-1 in space and (Deltat)2M in time for any positive integers r and M, while CN employ r=M=1. We note dramatic improvement in the attainable precision (circa ten or greater orders of magnitude) along with several orders of magnitude reduction of computational time. The improved method is shown to lead to feasible studies of coherent-state oscillations with additional short-range interactions, wave-packet scattering, and long-time studies of decaying systems.
In recent decades a lot of research has been done on the numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation. On the one hand, some of the proposed numerical methods do not need any kind of matrix inversion, but source terms cannot be easily implemented into this schemes; on the other, some methods involving matrix inversion can implement source terms in a natural way, but are not easy to implement into some computational software programs widely used by non-experts in programming (e.g. Mathematica). We present a simple method to solve the time-dependent Schrodinger equation by using a standard Crank-Nicholson method together with a Cayley's form for the finite-difference representation of evolution operator. Here, such standard numerical scheme has been simplified by inverting analytically the matrix of the evolution operator in position representation. The analytical inversion of the N x N matrix let us easily and fully implement the numerical method, with or without source terms, into Mathematica or even into any numerical computing language or computational software used for scientific computing.