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The Journal of Chemical Physics

Semiclassical theory of multidimensional tunneling and the hopping method

Gennady Mil’nikov, António J. C. Varandas

Published Nov 8, 1999• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The paper presents a new semiclassical theory of multidimensional tunneling and its application to the decay problem. A simple semiclassical expression for the decay rate constant is derived in terms of complex valued family of classical trajectories in the decay valley while the algebraic form of the family in the tunneling region is found by means of classical canonical perturbation theory. This provides a tool to analytically continue the classical trajectories into the decay valley, with a numerical illustration of such a continuation being done for a model 2D decay rate problem. The calculated results for the rate constant are found to be in good agreement with the exact ones for the high levels where the suggested perturbative treatment is applicable. It is also shown that the formulated theory can be directly compared with a previously proposed hopping method which gives a way to examine the accuracy of the latter without exact quantum calculations.

DOI
10.1063/1.480216

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The paper presents a new semiclassical theory of multidimensional tunneling and its application to the decay problem. A simple semiclassical expression for the decay rate constant is derived in terms of complex valued family of classical trajectories in the decay valley while the algebraic form of the family in the tunneling region is found by means of classical canonical perturbation theory. This provides a tool to analytically continue the classical trajectories into the decay valley, with a numerical illustration of such a continuation being done for a model 2D decay rate problem. The calculated results for the rate constant are found to be in good agreement with the exact ones for the high levels where the suggested perturbative treatment is applicable. It is also shown that the formulated theory can be directly compared with a previously proposed hopping method which gives a way to examine the accuracy of the latter without exact quantum calculations.
A semiclassical theory of multidimensional tunneling is formulated to calculate the tunneling wave function, energy splitting in a double well and decay rate constant from a metastable state. First, the tunneling wave function is calculated by analytic continuation of a quantized torus prepared in analytic forms using either the Chapman–Garrett–Miller method or the Birkhoff–Gustavson normal form method. For a weakly nonintegrable system, tunnelings are confirmed to be classified into two qualitatively different domains; pure tunneling in the I region and mixed tunneling in the C region. Semiclassical wave functions agree with quantum mechanical ones within a few percent both in classically allowed and tunneling regions. Breakdown of this simple picture is exemplified for cases of relatively strong couplings. Second, expressions of the tunneling energy splitting in a double well potential and the decay rate from a metastable state are derived. The wave function near a well formulated above is connected with the semiclassical Green’s function in the deep tunneling region. The latter is expressed by complex trajectories which start from the complex quantized torus. A preliminary numerical comparison with the quantum mechanical value is also done for the energy splitting.
We apply the quasilinearization method of Bellman and Kalaba [Quasilinearization and Nonlinear Boundary-Value Problems (Elsevier, New York, 1965)] to find approximate solutions for the multidimensional quantum tunneling for separable as well as nonseparable wave equations. By introducing the idea of the complex ``semiclassical trajectory'' which is valid for the motion over and under the barrier, and which, in the proper limit, reduces to the real classical trajectory in the allowed region, we obtain an eigenvalue equation for the characteristic wave numbers. This eigenvalue equation is similar to the corresponding equation obtained from the WKB approximation and yields complex eigenvalues with negative imaginary parts. When the barrier changes very rapidly as a function of the radial distance, we can replace the concept of the semiclassical trajectory, which may not be applicable in this case, by the concept of a complex ``quantum trajectory.'' The trajectory defined either way depends on a constant of integration, and by minimizing the action with respect to this constant we can obtain the minimum escape path. The case of two-dimensional tunneling is discussed as an example of this method.
Starting from trace formulas for the tunneling splittings (or decay rates) analytically continued in the complex time domain, we obtain explicit semiclassical expansions in terms of complex trajectories that are selected with appropriate complex-time paths. We show how this instantonlike approach, which takes advantage of an incomplete Wick rotation, accurately reproduces tunneling effects not only in the usual double-well potential but also in situations where a pure Wick rotation is insufficient, for instance dynamical tunneling or resonant tunneling. Even though only one-dimensional autonomous Hamiltonian systems are quantitatively studied, we discuss the relevance of our method for multidimensional and/or chaotic tunneling.
, 042116 (2017)] is applied to calculate tunneling splittings for arbitrary vibrational states of model two-dimensional double-well systems. Cases in which the classical dynamics for the wells is chaotic, mixed, and regular are considered. A perturbative treatment, based on the condition of small tunneling amplitudes, is found to be sufficiently accurate for the cases studied and is applied for most of the calculations. Treatments that approximate certain imaginary-time trajectories in the classically forbidden region by linearization about a variety of judiciously selected reference trajectories yield good results for all systems treated. These calculations can be greatly simplified by approximating all imaginary-time trajectories as linearizations about a single reference trajectory. A simple way to determine optimal reference trajectories for this purpose is presented. It is found that their use yields splittings of satisfactory accuracy for the cases studied.
A semiclassical method is applied to the problem of quantum tunneling in the presence of internal oscillator degrees of freedom. Comparison with coupled channel calculations verifies the accuracy of the semi-classical method. Providing the coupling has a physically reasonable form factor, the coupling produces an enhancement in the tunneling rate. The enhancement becomes larger when the tunneling degree of freedom couples with a harmonic oscillator with lower frequency. The semiclassical method is found to be quite useful in situations where the coupled channel method becomes numerically difficult.
We develop a treatment that divides phase space into regions bounded by surfaces and forms the energy-dependent semiclassical Green's function from short classical trajectory segments confined to the individual regions. We use this to generalize Bogomolny's quantization method to systems with barrier tunneling. Combined with an appropriate treatment of tunneling amplitudes, this yields a unified semiclassical framework that uses ordinary, real trajectories in classically allowed regions and imaginary-time trajectories in forbidden regions to obtain energies, decay rates, and wave functions for arbitrary states of multidimensional systems undergoing tunneling. Because the trajectory segments in the allowed region are short, components in the Green's function expression can be numerically evaluated using semiclassical initial value methods, yielding a promising approach for practical calculations.