The Structure of Chemical Particles

Volodymyr Bezverkhniy

Brian T. Sutcliffe

Abhishek Bansal

Classical and quantum chemistry routinely treat electrons as permanently existing particles whose number and spatial distribution define chemical structure and reactivity. At the same time, quantum field theory, polarization theory, and modern electronic-structure methods demonstrate that many experimentally observed charge phenomena occur without literal particle transport or permanent localization. In this work, I introduce the Bansal-Chem (B-Chem) framework, a projection-based formulation in which the chemically relevant electron is not a primitive particle but an emergent, geometry-and field-constrained projection event. The electron is modeled as a structured B-fiber object with stratified components-real, complex, dual (nilpotent), and hypercomplex-corresponding respectively to charge density, phase coherence, transient/tunneling behavior, and spin-relativistic structure. Standard electron models used across chemistry and condensed-matter physics are shown to arise as operational projections of this single underlying object, selected by experimental context and environmental coupling. Avogadro's number and Faraday relations are reinterpreted as projection-scaling constants rather than as evidence of permanent microscopic particle inventories. Measurement-induced collapse and decoherence are reformulated as contextual projection and dynamical suppression of inaccessible fiber components, without modifying Schrödinger or Standard Model dynamics. The framework is fully compatible with quantum electrodynamics and density functional theory, while providing a unified structural explanation for the coexistence of particles, waves, densities, quasiparticles, and effective electrons in chemical theory. B-Chem thus offers a geometry-and field-driven ontology for electrons that preserves established calculations while clarifying their conceptual foundations.

D. Jagadeeswara Rao, R. V. V. Krishna, N. Venkata Sairam Kumar +1 more

Quantum computing has shown promise in chemical simulation and other fields where computationally hard problems must be tackled. This research focuses on optimizing molecule structures, which is an important step in understanding the properties and activities of chemical substances. It also studies the possibility of quantum computing in this domain. The system's many-body wave function is optimized using the imaginary time evolution approach, with nuclei and electrons both being considered quantum mechanical particles. Based on numerical experiments in two-dimensional H2+ and H-C-N systems, the authors find that their suggested method may have two benefits—it can find the best nuclear positions with few observations (quantum measurements), and it can find the global minimum structure of nuclei without starting from a complex initial structure and getting stuck in local minima. It is anticipated that this approach would function admirably with quantum computers, and its advancement will pave the road for its potential application as a potent tool.

A.P. French, Edwin F. Taylor

Extending the one-particle Schrodinger equation from one to three spatial dimensions enabled us to describe electron states in the hydrogen atom and in other hydrogen-like systems. This chapter generalizes the Schrodinger equation from one to two and then to many particles bound as a single system. For all particles of half-integral spin, the total wave function, as for electrons, is always antisymmetric with respect to interchange, whereas with all particles of integral spin the total wave function is always symmetric. The chemical and spectroscopic characteristics of an element depend on the details of the quantum state of its outermost electrons. The chemical valence depends upon the extent to which the total number of electrons in an atom represents an excess or a deficit with respect to the more stable configuration of a completed shell. The Schrödinger equation for helium contains no explicit mention of the spin states of the electrons.

Sune R. Svanberg