© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

Terms Privacy Legal Notice

Physical Review A

External photodetection of cavity radiation

Ching Tsung Lee

Published Sep 1, 1993• 49 citations

Abstract

A simple model is introduced to simulate the detection of cavity radiation with the detector placed outside the cavity. Explicit expressions, in terms of initial photon-number distribution, for the time-dependent distributions of photoelectron number and conditional as well as unconditional waiting times are derived. The effect of photodetection on the quantum state of the radiation in the present arrangement is found to be unchanged from that with the detector placed inside the cavity. The well-known Q parameter introduced by Mondel [Opt. Lett. 4, 205 (1979)] is found to be exactly equal to the change in the expectation value of photon number due to the detection of a photon. Photon bunching or antibunching, reflecting classical or nonclassical radiation, is determined by whether conditional waiting time is less or greater than unconditional waiting time. When this criterion is applied to three specific examples, namely, coherent, thermal, and number states, the results are as expected.

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.48.2285

Related papers

Nonclassical effects and antibunching in the external photodetection of cavity radiation

Ching Tsung Lee

The nonclassical effects of radiation are defined to be when its P function [R. J. Glauber, Phys. Rev. Lett. 10, 84 (1963)] is not positive definite, and antibunching is defined to be when the conditional waiting time in the photodetection is longer than the unconditional one. Based on these two definitions, it is proven rigorously that antibunching implies nonclassical effects of cavity radiation detected externally by an imperfect detector.

Physical Review A•Apr 1, 1995•2 citations

A Non-markovian Model of Photodetection of Cavity Radiation

S. K. Srinivasan, Ramabhadra Vasudevan

A non-markovian model of the detection of cavity photons is proposed. The cavity photons interact with the atoms of the detector in a two-stage process, while the evolution of the cavity photons is modelled, as usual, as a population process with constant rate parameters. The joint distribution of the cavity photons and the number of detected photoelectrons is studied. The results corresponding to the markovian model proposed by Shepherd are recovered by an appropriate limiting procedure. Some simple characteristics of the twofold counting statistics are also obtained. In particular, the memory effects of two-stage detection are shown to result in a depletion of bunching; the shape of the spectrum (in the time domain), while similar to that obtained using the Shepherd model, is depressed pointwise by a memory-dependent factor.

Optica Acta International Journal of Optics•Jul 1, 1985•5 citations

Multiphoton antibunching in the photodetection of cavity radiation

Ching Tsung Lee

Antibunching is defined to be when the conditional waiting time in the photodetection is longer than the unconditional one. However, when this criterion is used on the waiting times for the closed-system detection of one photon from the so-called odd-shadowed thermal state, it shows no antibunching, although the state is proven to be non-classical. It does show antibunching in the waiting times for two-photon detection. This provides the motivation for extending the concept of photon antibunching to the detection of more than one photon. The general expressions for the expectation values of unconditional and conditional waiting times for multiphoton detection are derived. Then it is rigorously proven that multiphoton antibunching implies non-classicality which is defined to be when the P function is not positive definite.

Quantum and Semiclassical Optics Journal of the European Optical Society Part B•Dec 1, 1995•1 citation

Criterion for antibunching according to population monitoring of cavity radiation

Ching Tsung Lee

A simple difference-differential equation derived by Scully and Lamb [Phys. Rev. 179, 368 (1969)] is used to describe the photoelectric detection of the radiation in a cavity totally isolated except for its interaction with the detector. As results of the solution, the expressions for the distributions of unconditional and conditional waiting times are obtained. Based on the definition that we have antibunching whenever the conditional waiting time is greater than the unconditional waiting time, the criterion for the occurrence of antibunching is established.

Physical Review A•Nov 1, 1992•9 citations

Wait-time distributions for photoelectric detection of light

Luis F. Morales Bultron, Reeta Vyas, Surendra Singh

Wait-time distributions for the $n\mathrm{th}$ photodetection at a detector illuminated by a stationary light beam are studied. Both unconditional measurements, initiated at an arbitrary instant, and conditional measurements, initiated upon a photodetection, are considered. Simple analytic expressions are presented for several classical and quantum sources of light and are used to quantify and compare photon sequences generated by them. These distributions can be measured in photon-counting experiments and are useful in characterizing and generating photon sequences with prescribed statistics. The effects of nonunit detection efficiency are also discussed, and curves are presented to illustrate the behavior.

arXiv:2312.09339•Physical Review A•Feb 13, 2024•3 citations

Statistics of waiting times in the photodetection of squeezed light

Reeta Vyas, Surendra Singh

The theory of photoelectric detection is used to calculate the waiting time distributions for squeezed light. Analytic expressions for the conditional and unconditional waiting time distributions for squeezed light have been derived in the large photon number limit. Both pure squeezed and squeezed coherent states have been considered, and the results are compared with those for the other states of light.

Annual Meeting Optical Society of America•Jan 1, 1988•0 citations

A simple model is introduced to simulate the detection of cavity radiation with the detector placed outside the cavity. Explicit expressions, in terms of initial photon-number distribution, for the time-dependent distributions of photoelectron number and conditional as well as unconditional waiting times are derived. The effect of photodetection on the quantum state of the radiation in the present arrangement is found to be unchanged from that with the detector placed inside the cavity. The well-known Q parameter introduced by Mondel [Opt. Lett. 4, 205 (1979)] is found to be exactly equal to the change in the expectation value of photon number due to the detection of a photon. Photon bunching or antibunching, reflecting classical or nonclassical radiation, is determined by whether conditional waiting time is less or greater than unconditional waiting time. When this criterion is applied to three specific examples, namely, coherent, thermal, and number states, the results are as expected.

A non-markovian model of the detection of cavity photons is proposed. The cavity photons interact with the atoms of the detector in a two-stage process, while the evolution of the cavity photons is modelled, as usual, as a population process with constant rate parameters. The joint distribution of the cavity photons and the number of detected photoelectrons is studied. The results corresponding to the markovian model proposed by Shepherd are recovered by an appropriate limiting procedure. Some simple characteristics of the twofold counting statistics are also obtained. In particular, the memory effects of two-stage detection are shown to result in a depletion of bunching; the shape of the spectrum (in the time domain), while similar to that obtained using the Shepherd model, is depressed pointwise by a memory-dependent factor.

Antibunching is defined to be when the conditional waiting time in the photodetection is longer than the unconditional one. However, when this criterion is used on the waiting times for the closed-system detection of one photon from the so-called odd-shadowed thermal state, it shows no antibunching, although the state is proven to be non-classical. It does show antibunching in the waiting times for two-photon detection. This provides the motivation for extending the concept of photon antibunching to the detection of more than one photon. The general expressions for the expectation values of unconditional and conditional waiting times for multiphoton detection are derived. Then it is rigorously proven that multiphoton antibunching implies non-classicality which is defined to be when the P function is not positive definite.

A simple difference-differential equation derived by Scully and Lamb [Phys. Rev. 179, 368 (1969)] is used to describe the photoelectric detection of the radiation in a cavity totally isolated except for its interaction with the detector. As results of the solution, the expressions for the distributions of unconditional and conditional waiting times are obtained. Based on the definition that we have antibunching whenever the conditional waiting time is greater than the unconditional waiting time, the criterion for the occurrence of antibunching is established.

Wait-time distributions for the

n\mathrm{th}

photodetection at a detector illuminated by a stationary light beam are studied. Both unconditional measurements, initiated at an arbitrary instant, and conditional measurements, initiated upon a photodetection, are considered. Simple analytic expressions are presented for several classical and quantum sources of light and are used to quantify and compare photon sequences generated by them. These distributions can be measured in photon-counting experiments and are useful in characterizing and generating photon sequences with prescribed statistics. The effects of nonunit detection efficiency are also discussed, and curves are presented to illustrate the behavior.