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Physical Review A

Production and detection of highly squeezed states in cavity QED

L. G. Lutterbach, L. Davidovich

Published Jan 18, 2000• 36 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose simple experiments in cavity quantum electrodynamics leading to the generation and detection of highly squeezed states of the electromagnetic field, even in the presence of experimental constraints like dissipation, atomic velocity spread, and detection inefficiency. Our proposal gives an operational meaning to the rotational and translational widths of a squeezed state.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.61.023813

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We propose simple experiments in cavity quantum electrodynamics leading to the generation and detection of highly squeezed states of the electromagnetic field, even in the presence of experimental constraints like dissipation, atomic velocity spread, and detection inefficiency. Our proposal gives an operational meaning to the rotational and translational widths of a squeezed state.
A squeezed state of the electromagnetic field has less noise in one of its two amplitude components than that of a coherent state. This property makes squeezed states potentially useful in low noise and precision measurement. Squeezed states may be generated by, among other things, degenerate parametric amplifiers and four-wave mixers. The reduced noise in one of the amplitude components is most easily observed via a homodyne detector. A number of experimental efforts to generate and detect squeezed states are under way. Here, in describing experimental techniques, the experiments' carried out by Slusher et al. are emphasized. A number of techniques were employed to successfully generate squeezed light. An atomic beam of sodium provided the optical nonlinearity in a cavity-backward four-wave mixer. By employing pairs of Fabry-Perot modes spaced symmetrically about the pump frequency, squeezed light was generated in nondegenerate conditions where Rayleigh scattering of pump light could be avoided. To observe squeezing, a number of nonidealities such as phase jitter and detector inefficiencies also had to be overcome.
One of the canonical questions in quantum optics is the nature of the radiative properties of an atom when the normal vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic reservoir are replaced by the asymmetric, reduced fluctuations of a squeezed vacuum. While the basic radiative linewidth-narrowing effect has been known for over a decade [C. W. Gardiner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 1917 (1986)], experimental realizations with operationally definable definitive manifestations of the quantum nature of the squeezed reservoir have been largely lacking from subsequent investigations. This paper presents measurements on an experimentally realized atom--squeezed-light system, in which the squeezed-light output of a subthreshold optical parametric oscillator illuminates an atom strongly coupled to a high-finesse optical resonator. Transmission of a weak probe field incident on the atom-cavity system is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Alteration of the transmitted probe spectrum has been observed, as has a transmission modulation that depends on the phase of the squeezed field relative to a saturating coherent field (displaced squeezing). In certain parameter regimes, properties unique to the quantum nature of the squeezed light have been identified in the theoretical treatment, but complications in the experiment prevent their unequivocal measure. It is found that the observed effects of the squeezed light are dramatically reduced relative to the predictions of an idealized theory. This is quantitatively attributed to the effects of atomic beam fluctuations and a simple modeling of the atomic beam as an additional loss mechanism in the theory leads to reasonable agreement with the data.
Cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) allows the study of light-matter in-teractions at the most basic level, through precise identification of the coherent and incoherent (dissipative) parts of the system evolution. We present measurements of light from a cavity QED system consisting of a high-finesse optical resonator coupled to a beam of cold Rb atoms. The novelty of the design lies in the interplay of two degenerate and orthogonal polarization modes. One mode (driven) behaves as the canonical cavity mode of the Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian, coherently exciting the atoms with a modest coupling strength; the other mode (undriven) collects a small fraction of spontaneously emitted light and provides a probe of the dissipative processes. We first demonstrate the ability to detect individual atoms passing through the cavity modes in real time by coincidence detection of photons from the un-driven mode. Calculation of statistics and correlation functions from the complete photon detection record allows the determination of detection probabilities and the reconstruction of atomic trajectories. We next present evidence of quantum coher-ence that is created, modified, and measured in the excitation-spontaneous emission cycle. The coherence appears as a long-lived quantum beat at the ground-state Larmor frequency, visible in the intensity autocorrelation function of the undriven mode. Quantum jumps of the atomic state, occurring in between the detections of photons from the cavity, result in substantial changes in the frequency and spectral width of the beats. We present the results of a full quantum Monte Carlo calculation in order to quantitatively explain the measurements.
A new regime for the generation of squeezed states of the electromagnetic field is described for a collection of atoms within a high-finesse cavity. The process responsible for squeezing is a coupling-induced splitting in the normal-mode structure of the atom-field system. A theoretical analysis is presented that predicts large degrees of squeezing for modest operating conditions. An experimental investigation of this regime has produced noise reductions of 30% relative to the vacuum noise level.
We study the combined effects of measurements and unitary evolution on the preparation of spin squeezing in an ensemble of atoms interacting with a single electromagnetic field mode inside a cavity. We derive simple criteria that determine the conditions at which measurement based entanglement generation overperforms unitary protocols. We include all relevant sources of decoherence and study both their effect on the optimal spin squeezing and the overall size of the measurement noise, which limits the dynamical range of quantum-enhanced phase measurements. Our conclusions are relevant for state-of-the-art atomic clocks that aim to operate below the standard quantum limit. Published by the American Physical Society 2024