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IEEE Photonics Conference

Phase-mask covered optical steganography based on amplified spontaneous emission noise

Ben Wu, Zhenxing Wang, Bhavin J. Shastri, Yue Tian, Paul R. Prucnal

Published Sep 1, 2013• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Phase mask encryption is proposed to improve the transmission privacy of an optical steganography system. The stealth signal carried by amplified spontaneous emission noise is encrypted by a fast changing code.
DOI
10.1109/ipcon.2013.6656409

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A temporal phase mask encryption method is proposed and experimentally demonstrated to improve the security of the stealth channel in an optical steganography system. The stealth channel is protected in two levels. In the first level, the data is carried by amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, which cannot be detected in either the time domain or spectral domain. In the second level, even if the eavesdropper suspects the existence of the stealth channel, each data bit is covered by a fast changing phase mask. The phase mask code is always combined with the wide band noise from ASE. Without knowing the right phase mask code to recover the stealth data, the eavesdropper can only receive the noise like signal with randomized phase.
We propose and experimentally demonstrate an optical steganography method in which a data signal is transmitted using amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise as a carrier. The ASE serving as a carrier for the private signal has an identical frequency spectrum to the existing noise generated by the Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) in the transmission system. The system also carries a conventional data channel that is not private. The so-called "stealth" or private channel is well-hidden within the noise of the system. Phase modulation is used for both the stealth channel and the public channel. Using homodyne detection, the short coherence length of the ASE ensures that the stealth signal can only be recovered if the receiver closely matches the delay-length difference, which is deliberately changed in a dynamic fashion that is only known to the transmitter and its intended receiver.
The system tolerance to the dispersion of optical steganography and the deployment of dispersion to enhance secure transmission has been experimentally demonstrated and theoretically studied. Since the stealth signal is carried by amplified spontaneous emission noise, which has a much wider bandwidth compared with the laser carrier, the stealth channel is more sensitive to dispersion and has less tolerance to the uncompensated dispersion. On the other hand, the dispersion effect in the stealth channel can be employed to hide the stealth signal in the time domain. The extra dispersion at the transmitter and the receiver functions as a key pair for the optical encryption and the optical steganography.
Temporal phase modulation of spread stealth signals is proposed and demonstrated to improve optical steganography transmission privacy. After phase modulation, the temporally spread stealth signal has a more complex spectral-phase-temporal relationship, such that the original temporal profile cannot be restored when only dispersion compensation is applied to the temporally spread stealth signals. Therefore, it increases the difficulty for the eavesdropper to detect and intercept the stealth channel that is hidden under a public transmission, even with a correct dispersion compensation device. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of this approach and display insignificant degradation in transmission performance, compared to the conventional stealth transmission without temporal phase modulation. The proposed system can also work without a clock transmission for signal synchronization. Our analysis and simulation results show that it is difficult for the adversary to detect the existence of the stealth transmission, or find the correct phase mask to recover the stealth signals.