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Optics Communications

Squeezed light generation by means of cascaded second-order nonlinearity

Audrius Berzanskis, K.‐H. Feller, A. Stabinis

Published Jul 1, 1995• 12 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/0030-4018(95)00215-t

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Lithium niobate is a critical material extensively used in nonlinear optics. The recent development of nanophotonic lithium niobate devices further extends their importance with enhanced nonlinearity and scalability. However, the performance of nonlinear optical processes in lithium niobate is influenced by the photorefractive effect. In this work, we study the impact of the photorefractive effect on second-order nonlinear optical processes in nanophotonic lithium niobate waveguides. We simulate the parametric down-conversion for squeezed light generation and second-harmonic generation in nanophotonic lithium niobate waveguides, considering the photorefractive effect. The squeezing generation with parametric down-conversion only experiences a constant wavelength shift as the refractive index change remains constant. On the other hand, the second-harmonic generation spectrum is distorted, and a decrease in nonlinear efficiency is observed. This is because the strength of the photorefractive effect varies along the waveguide. We further show that the ideal efficiency of second-harmonic generation can be recovered by the adapted poling technique, where the phase matching condition change caused by the photorefractive effect is compensated by adjusting the poling period of lithium niobate waveguides. Eventually, we analyze the cascaded process of second-harmonic generation and parametric down-conversion for squeezed light generation, and show that squeezing level up to 17.6 dB can be realized using 10 mW power with current performance of nanophotonic lithium niobate devices.

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Theory of Squeezed Light Generation

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Squeezing can be generated by means of traveling-wave (TW) second-harmonic generation (S1 1C), even when there is a large phase mismatch between the fundamental and the harmonic fields. We show, in particular, that in the type-II geometry squeezed vacuum is created in the mode that is polarized orthogonal lo the fundamental beam. In the large phase-mismatch limit, where the fundamental field experiences little depletion and negligible second harmonic is generated, nonlinear phase shift of the fundamental wave introduced during the 5HG process is responsible for the creation of squeezing.
Lithium niobate is a critical material extensively used in nonlinear optics. The recent development of nanophotonic lithium niobate devices further extends their importance with enhanced nonlinearity and scalability. However, the performance of nonlinear optical processes in lithium niobate is influenced by the photorefractive effect. In this work, we study the impact of the photorefractive effect on second-order nonlinear optical processes in nanophotonic lithium niobate waveguides. We simulate the parametric down-conversion for squeezed light generation and second-harmonic generation in nanophotonic lithium niobate waveguides, considering the photorefractive effect. The squeezing generation with parametric down-conversion only experiences a constant wavelength shift as the refractive index change remains constant. On the other hand, the second-harmonic generation spectrum is distorted, and a decrease in nonlinear efficiency is observed. This is because the strength of the photorefractive effect varies along the waveguide. We further show that the ideal efficiency of second-harmonic generation can be recovered by the adapted poling technique, where the phase matching condition change caused by the photorefractive effect is compensated by adjusting the poling period of lithium niobate waveguides. Eventually, we analyze the cascaded process of second-harmonic generation and parametric down-conversion for squeezed light generation, and show that squeezing level up to 17.6 dB can be realized using 10 mW power with current performance of nanophotonic lithium niobate devices.
Squeezed vacuum pulses up to $\ensuremath{-}1.7\text{ }\text{dB}$ at telecom-band $(\ensuremath{\sim}1550\text{ }\text{nm})$ is generated with femtosecond laser pulses using cascaded ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(2)}$ optical nonlinearity in a periodically poled lithium niobate crystal placed in a Sagnac interferometer. In spite of group velocity mismatch at short laser pulse pumping, sufficient cascaded nonlinear wave mixing is obtainable at the wavelength shifted from the phase matching wavelength for second harmonic generation. The theoretical model prediction agrees well with the experimental results.