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Journal of Modern Optics

Ultra-stable Hg+

John D. Prestage, Robert L. Tjoelker, G.J. Dick, Lute Maleki

Published Feb 1, 1992• 42 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We report the development of a fieldable frequency standard based on 199Hg+ ions confined in a hybrid r.f./dc linear ion trap. This trap permits storage of large numbers of ions with reduced susceptibility to the second-order Doppler effect caused by the r.f. confining fields. A 160 mHz wide atomic resonance line for the 40·5 GHz clock transition is used to steer the output of a 5 MHz crystal oscillator to obtain a stability of 2 × 10−15 for 24 000 s averaging times. For longer averaging intervals, measurements are limited by instabilities in available hydrogen maser frequency standards. Measurements with 37 mHz linewidth for the Hg+ clock transition demonstrate that the inherent stability for this frequency standard is at least as good as 1 × 10−15.

DOI
10.1080/09500349214550231

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Bulletin of the American Physical Society•May 1, 1993•0 citations
We report the development of a fieldable frequency standard based on 199Hg+ ions confined in a hybrid r.f./dc linear ion trap. This trap permits storage of large numbers of ions with reduced susceptibility to the second-order Doppler effect caused by the r.f. confining fields. A 160 mHz wide atomic resonance line for the 40·5 GHz clock transition is used to steer the output of a 5 MHz crystal oscillator to obtain a stability of 2 × 10−15 for 24 000 s averaging times. For longer averaging intervals, measurements are limited by instabilities in available hydrogen maser frequency standards. Measurements with 37 mHz linewidth for the Hg+ clock transition demonstrate that the inherent stability for this frequency standard is at least as good as 1 × 10−15.
The authors report the development of a fieldable frequency standard based on /sup 199/Hg/sup +/ ions confined in a hybrid RF/DC linear ion trap. This trap permits storage of large numbers of ions with reduced susceptibility to the second-order Doppler effect caused by the RF confining fields. A 160-mHz-wide atomic resonance line for the 40.5-GHz clock transition is used to steer the output of a 5-MHz crystal oscillator to obtain a stability of 2*10/sup -15/ for 24000 second averaging times. For long averaging intervals measurements are limited by instabilities in available hydrogen maser frequency standards.>
A high-performance frequency standard based on (199)Hg(+) ions confined in a hybrid radio frequency (RF)/dc linear ion trap is demonstrated. This trap permits storage of large numbers of ions with reduced susceptibility to the second-order Doppler effect caused by the RF confining fields. A 160-mHz-wide atomic resonance line for the 40.5-GHz clock transition is used to steer the output of a 5-mHz crystal oscillator to obtain a stability of 2 x 10(exp -15) for 24,000-second averaging times. Measurements with a 37-mHz line width for the Hg(+) clock transition demonstrate that the inherent stability for this frequency standard is better than 1 x 10(exp -15) at 10,000-second averaging times.
We are developing afieldable trapped ion frequency standard based on 99 H~ ~ ions confined in a hybrid rfldc linear ion trap. Thk trap permits storu & of large numbers of ions with reduced susceptibility to the second-or&r Doppler eflect caused by the if confiningjields. In preliminary measurements we huve obtained a stability oJ 2-3. 10- for 10,000 second averaging times. These rnea~urements were carried out with a 120 mHz wide atomic resonance line for the 40.5 GHz clock transition with a second order Doppler shift from the iftrappingfield of 6 1 0- l ~.
The frequency stability of an atomic standard based on /sup 199/Hg/sup +/ ions confined in a hybrid RF/DC linear trap is described. The 40.5-GHz clock transition has been measured to be 17 mHz wide, representing a quality factor greater than 2*10/sup 12/. A 160-mHz line is used to steer the output of a 5-MHz crystal oscillator to obtain a stability of 2*10/sup -15/ for 24000-s averaging times. In a separate measurement, a 37-mHz line is used to steer the output of the superconducting cavity maser oscillator to reach 1*10/sup -15/ stability at 10000 s.>
The frequency stability obtained with an ion-trap-based frequency standard where /sup 199/Hg/sup +/ ions are confined in a hybrid RF/DC linear trap is described. The 40.5-GHz clock transition is measured to be as narrow as 17 mHz representing a quality factor of 2.4*10/sup 12/. A hydrogen maser interrogation of a 37-mHz Hg/sup +/ resonance is used to measure 1*10/sup -15/ stability of the ion resonance at 10000-s averaging time. In another measurement the frequency of the superconducting cavity maser oscillator is steered to follow the Hg/sup +/ clock transition, again providing frequency stability of 1*10/sup -15/ at 10000-s.>
We have previously reported experiments using a linear rf trap to store laser-cooled {sup 199}Hg{sup +} ions. Trapping multiple ions increases the signal-to-noise ratio; yet all ions have equally low second-order Doppler shifts if they are confined along the nodal center line of a linear trap. In such an environment, the 40.5 GHz ground-state hyperfine transition in {sup 199}Hg{sup +} is a candidate for an extremely accurate and stable microwave frequency standard. Our redesigned apparatus will operate at cryogenic temperatures to provide very low background gas pressure (resulting in longer ion storage times and immunity from background pressure shifts) and superconductive shielding against stray magnetic fields. We shall discuss progress on this frequency standard and applications of our apparatus to new cooling and squeezing techniques.