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Physical Review A

Atom trapping in deeply bound states of a far-off-resonance optical lattice

D. L. Haycock, S. E. Hamann, Gerd Klose, Poul Jessen

Published Jun 1, 1997• 31 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We form a one-dimensional optical lattice for Cs atoms using light tuned a few thousand linewidths below atomic resonance. Atoms are selectively loaded into deeply bound states by adiabatic transfer from a superimposed, near-resonance optical lattice. This yields a mean vibrational excitation n-bar\ensuremath{\approx}0.3 and localization \ensuremath{\Delta}z\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{\lambda}/20. Light scattering subsequently heats the atoms, but the initial rate is only of order ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ vibrational quanta per oscillation period. Low vibrational excitation, strong localization, and low heating rates make these atoms good candidates for resolved-sideband Raman cooling.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.55.r3991

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We report a way to overcome heating due to the reabsorption of scattered light when relatively many atoms are laser cooled at high density. A sample of $8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}\mathrm{Cs}$ atoms, with $6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}{\mathrm{atoms}\mathrm{}\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3},$ is loaded into a deep far-detuned one-dimensional optical lattice, which acts as a large volume three-dimensional (3D) trap. Polarization gradient cooling with a separate set of cooling beams is found to work well in this trap, populating the trap's vibrational ground state with more than half the atoms. After cooling, the lattice is shut off adiabatically, leaving a still dense sample at 1.2 \ensuremath{\mu}K. We propose and demonstrate a generalization to a 3D lattice, which will allow many more atoms to be loaded into conservative light traps, and can greatly increase the initial phase-space density for loading magnetic traps.

Physical Review A•Jan 1, 1999•70 citations
We form a one-dimensional optical lattice for Cs atoms using light tuned a few thousand linewidths below atomic resonance. Atoms are selectively loaded into deeply bound states by adiabatic transfer from a superimposed, near-resonance optical lattice. This yields a mean vibrational excitation n-bar\ensuremath{\approx}0.3 and localization \ensuremath{\Delta}z\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{\lambda}/20. Light scattering subsequently heats the atoms, but the initial rate is only of order 10\ensuremath−3{10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}10\ensuremath−3 vibrational quanta per oscillation period. Low vibrational excitation, strong localization, and low heating rates make these atoms good candidates for resolved-sideband Raman cooling.
We form a 1D optical lattices for Cs atoms using light tuned a few thousand linewidths below the 6S1/2(F equals 4) yields 6P3/2(F' equals 5) transition at 852 nm. In this far-off- resonance lattice the time scale for damping of motional coherences and kinetic energy can be orders of magnitude longer than the vibrational oscillation period for atoms trapped in the lattice potential wells. Atoms are loaded directly into deeply bound states, by adiabatic transfer from a superimposed, near-resonance optical lattice. This yields a mean vibrational excitation n approximately equals 0.3, and localization (Delta) z approximately (lambda) /20 deep in the Lamb-Dicke regime. Light scattering subsequently heats the atoms, but the initial rate is only of order 10-3 vibrational quanta per oscillation period. Low vibrational excitation, localization in the Lamb-Dicke regime and low heating rates make these atoms good candidates for resolved- sideband Raman cooling, and for the generation and study of non-classical states of center-of-mass motion. We propose a scheme for resolved-sideband Raman cooling and quantum state preparation; the scheme employs Raman coupling between magnetic sublevels induced by the lattice light field itself.
Summary form only given.Dissipation from photon scattering can be virtually eliminated if the lattice is formed by light detuned a few thousand linewidths from atomic resonance, in which case the frequency of oscillation in the optical potential wells can be several orders of magnitude larger than the rate of vibrational excitation. The atoms are then good candidates for resolved-sideband Raman cooling. We believe we have demonstrated for the first time resolved-sideband Raman laser cooling of neutral Cs atoms close to the zero-point of motion in a two-dimensional optical lattice.
This dissertation reports on quantum state preparation of cesium atoms in a two-dimensional optical lattice, by resolved-sideband Raman cooling. An optical lattice is a periodic potential produced by the light shift interaction between an atom and light field. Laser cooled atoms can become strongly localized about the bottom of potential wells in an optical lattice, where they occupy a discrete spectrum of bound vibrational energy levels. The distribution over vibrational levels of atoms in the lattice is characterized by the mean vibrational excitation, n . In an optical lattice, absorption and emission of photons from lattice beams causes n to increase in time. This source of heating is always present, but its rate can be greatly reduced in a lattice detuned far from the atomic resonance. Sideband cooling is an efficient means of transferring atoms from higher into lower-lying vibrational levels and, thus, it reduces n for the ensemble. If the sideband cooling rate is much greater than the heating rate, then n approaches zero and virtually all atoms are in the lowest vibrational level in their potential wells. Our sideband cooling scheme involves stimulated Raman transitions between bound states in the potential wells of a pair of magnetic sublevels, followed by optical pumping, for a net loss of one quantum of vibration per cooling cycle. The process accumulates 98% of atoms in the ground vibrational level of a potential well associated with a single Zeeman substate. Each atom in the lattice is then very close to a pure state. For two-dimensional lattice with sideband cooling we find nx≈ny≈0.008 &parl0;16&parr0; . Various issues related to state preparation and sideband cooling are also discussed in the context of a one dimensional lin ⊥ lin optical lattice. These include improvement of laser cooling in a near resonance lattice by application of weak magnetic fields, transfer of atoms from near into far off-resonance lattices, and heating rates in far off-resonance lattices.
We trap neutral Cs atoms in a two-dimensional optical lattice and cool them close to the zero point of motion by resolved-sideband Raman cooling. Sideband cooling occurs via transitions between the vibrational manifolds associated with a pair of magnetic sublevels, and the required Raman coupling is provided by the lattice potential itself. We obtain mean vibrational excitations ${\overline{n}}_{x}\ensuremath{\approx}{\overline{n}}_{y}<0.024$, corresponding to a population >95>95%>95 in the vibrational ground state. Atoms in the ground state of an optical lattice provide a new system in which to explore quantum state control and subrecoil laser cooling.
We report our experiment on sideband cooling with two Raman transitions in a $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ configuration that allows selective coherent population trapping (CPT) of the low-lying motional states. The cooling method is applied to 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms in a circularly polarized one-dimensional optical lattice. Owing to the vector polarizability, the vibration frequency of a trapped atom depends on its Zeeman quantum number and the CPT resonance for a pair of bound states in the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ configuration depends on their vibrational quantum numbers. We call this scheme motion-selective coherent population trapping (MSCPT) and it is a trapped-atom analog of the velocity-selective CPT developed for free He atoms. We observe a pronounced dip in temperature near a detuning for the Raman beams to satisfy the CPT resonance condition for the motional ground state. Although the lowest temperature we obtain is ten times the recoil limit owing to the heat load from motion along an axis, which is left uncooled, and the large Lamb-Dicke parameter of 2.3 in our apparatus, the experiment demonstrates that MSCPT enhances the effectiveness of Raman sideband cooling and enlarges the range of its application. Discussions of design parameters optimized for MSCPT on 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms and opportunities provided by diatomic polar molecules, whose Stark shift shows a strong dependence on the rotational quantum number, are included.
We report a way to overcome heating due to the reabsorption of scattered light when relatively many atoms are laser cooled at high density. A sample of $8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}\mathrm{Cs}$ atoms, with $6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}{\mathrm{atoms}\mathrm{}\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3},$ is loaded into a deep far-detuned one-dimensional optical lattice, which acts as a large volume three-dimensional (3D) trap. Polarization gradient cooling with a separate set of cooling beams is found to work well in this trap, populating the trap's vibrational ground state with more than half the atoms. After cooling, the lattice is shut off adiabatically, leaving a still dense sample at 1.2 \ensuremath{\mu}K. We propose and demonstrate a generalization to a 3D lattice, which will allow many more atoms to be loaded into conservative light traps, and can greatly increase the initial phase-space density for loading magnetic traps.