We demonstrate a generalization of relativistic quantum mechanics using eight-component octonic wave function and octonic spatial operators. It is shown that the second-order equation for octonic wave function describing particles with spin 1/2 can be reformulated in the form of a system of first-order equations for quantum fields, which is analogous to the system of Maxwell equations for the electromagnetic field. It is established that for the special types of wave functions the second-order equation can be reduced to the single first-order equation analogous to the Dirac equation. At the same time it is shown that this first-order equation describes particles, which do not have quantum fields.
We demonstrate a generalization of relativistic quantum mechanics using eight-component octonic wave function and octonic spatial operators. It is shown that the second-order equation for octonic wave function describing particles with spin 1/2 can be reformulated in the form of a system of first-order equations for quantum fields, which is analogous to the system of Maxwell equations for the electromagnetic field. It is established that for the special types of wave functions the second-order equation can be reduced to the single first-order equation analogous to the Dirac equation. At the same time it is shown that this first-order equation describes particles, which do not have quantum fields.
We demonstrate a generalization of relativistic quantum mechanics using eight-component value “octons” that generate an associative noncommutative spatial algebra. It is shown that the octonic second-order equation for the eight-component octonic wave function, obtained from the Einstein relation for energy and momentum, describes particles with spin 1/2. It is established that the octonic wave function of a particle in the state with defined spin projection has a specific spatial structure that takes the form of an octonic oscillator with two spatial polarizations: longitudinal linear and transverse circular.
In this article, the axioms presented in the first one are reformulated according to the special theory of relativity. Using these axioms, quantum mechanic's relativistic equations are obtained in the presence of electromagnetic fields for both the density function and the probability amplitude. It is shown that, within the present theory's scope, Dirac's second order equation should be considered the fundamental one in spite of the first order equation. A relativistic expression is obtained for the statistical potential. Axioms are again altered and made compatible with the general theory of relativity. These postulates, together with the idea of the statistical potential, allow us to obtain a general relativistic quantum theory for {\it ensembles} composed of single particle systems.
The eight-component relativistic wave equation for spin- particles derived in the preceding paper is studied from a mathematical viewpoint. It is shown that it is relativistically covariant, albeit not manifestly so. It has an enlarged solution space when compared to the Dirac equation. A derivation of the equation in an arbitrary gamma matrix representation is presented. Kronecker products are used to display the analogy between the eight-component equation and the two-component spin-0 equation. The linearization procedure used to obtain the eight-component equation from the second-order spin- equation is found to have a natural mathematical validation in the study of indefinite inner product spaces. The (relativistic) quantum mechanical formalism for the eight-component equation is constructed. This features the use of an indefinite inner product and some results are presented to show how the usual quantum mechanical formalism is generalized to account for this. The reason for the decoupling of the equation into two four-component equations in the Weyl representation of the gamma matrices is given. It is shown that only one of the decoupled parts has to be solved for any problem of a single particle coupled to an external electromagnetic field. Comments are made on the solution of the hydrogen atom presented in the preceding paper.
In this article, the axioms presented in the first one are reformulated according to the special theory of relativity. Using these axioms, quantum mechanic's relativistic equations are obtained in the presence of electromagnetic fields for both the density function and the probability amplitude. It is shown that, within the present theory's scope, Dirac's second order equation should be considered the fundamental one in spite of the first order equation. A relativistic expression is obtained for the statistical potential. Axioms are again altered and made compatible with the general theory of relativity. These postulates, together with the idea of the statistical potential, allow us to obtain a general relativistic quantum theory for {\\it ensembles} composed of single particle systems.
We consider a quantum particle as a wave packet in the coordinate space. When the conjugate wave packet in the momentum space is considered, we find that the group velocities of these two wave packets, which describe the particle dynamics, are in agreement with the Hamilton equations only if in the time dependent phases one considers the Lagrangian instead of the Hamiltonian which leads to the conventional Schrodinger equation. We define a relativistic quantum principle asserting that a quantum particle has a finite frequency spectrum, with a cutoff propagation velocity c as a universal constant not depending on the coordinate system, and that any time dependent phase variation is the same in any system of coordinates. From the time dependent phase invariance, the relativistic kinematics is obtained. We consider two types of possible interactions: 1) An interaction with an external field, by a modification of the time dependent phase differential with the terms proportional to the differentials of the space-time coordinates multiplied with the components of this field four-potential, and 2) an interaction by a deformation of the space-time coordinates, due to a gravitational field. From the invariance of the time dependent phase with field components, we obtain a mechanical force of the form of Lorentz’s force, and three Maxwell equations: The Gauss-Maxwell equations for the electric and magnetic fluxes, and the Faraday-Maxwell equation for the electromagnetic induction. When the fourth equation, Ampere-Maxwell, is considered, the interaction field takes the form of the electromagnetic field. For a low propagation velocity of the particle waves, we get a packet of waves with the time dependent phases proportional to the relativistic Hamiltonian, as in Dirac’s famous theory of spin, and a slowly-varying amplitude with a phase proportional to the momentum and this velocity. In the framework of our theory, the spin is obtained as an all quantum effect, without any additional assumption to the quantum theory. When a space-time deformation is considered in the time dependent phase of a quantum particle, from the group velocity we get the particle dynamics according to the general theory of relativity. In this way, the relativistic dynamics, the electromagnetic field, and the spin of a quantum particle are obtained only from the invariance of the time dependent phases of the particle wave functions.
Physical processes are usually described using four-dimensional vector quantities - coordinate vector, momentum vector, current vector. But at the fundamental level they are characterized by spinors - coordinate spinors, momentum spinors, spinor wave functions. The propagation of fields and their interaction takes place at the spinor level, and since each spinor uniquely corresponds to a certain vector, the results of physical processes appear before us in vector form. For example, the relativistic Schrödinger equation and the Dirac equation are formulated by means of coordinate vectors, momentum vectors and quantum operators corresponding to them. In the Schrödinger equation the wave function is represented by a single complex quantity, in the Dirac equation a step forward is taken and the wave function is a spinor with complex components, but still coordinates and momentum are vectors. For a closed description of nature using only spinor quantities, it is necessary to have an equation similar to the Dirac equation in which momentum, coordinates and operators are spinors. It is such an equation that is presented in this paper. Using the example of the interaction between an electron and an electromagnetic field, we can see that the spinor equation contains more detailed information about the interaction than the vector equations. This is not new for quantum mechanics, since it describes interactions using complex wave functions, which cannot be observed directly, and only when measured goes to probabilities in the form of squares of the moduli of the wave functions. In the same way spinor quantities are not observable, but they completely determine observable vectors.In Section 2 of the paper, we analyze the quadratic form for an arbitrary four-component complex vector based on Pauli matrices. The form is invariant with respect to Lorentz transformations including any rotations and boosts. The invariance of the form allows us to construct on its basis an equation for a free particle combining the properties of the relativistic wave equation and the Dirac equation. For an electron in the presence of an electromagnetic potential it is shown that taking into account the commutation relations between the momentum and coordinate components allows us to obtain from this equation the known results describing the interactions of the electron spin with the electric and magnetic field. In section 3 of the paper this quadratic form is expressed through momentum spinors, which makes it possible to obtain an equation for the spinor wave function in spinor coordinate space by replacing the momentum spinor components by partial derivative operators on the corresponding coordinate spinor component. Section 4 presents a modification of the theory of the path integral, which consists in considering the path integral in the spinor coordinate space. The Lagrangian densities for the scalar field and for the electron field, along with their corresponding propagators, are presented. An equation of motion for the electron is proposed that is relativistically invariant, in contrast to the Dirac equation, which lacks this invariance. This novel equation permitted the construction of a relativistically invariant procedure for the second quantization of the fermion field in spinor coordinate space.