We present a two-dimensional grating magneto-optical trap (2D gMOT) for strontium, which produces a slow atomic beam in a compact form factor. The strontium 2D gMOT, using permanent magnets with an atomic dispenser, cools and traps atoms along two dimensions in the diffraction plane of a grating chip using the 1 S 0 → 1 P 1 (blue) transition. The system is configured in such a way that the atoms emitted from the dispenser source do not degrade the diffraction efficiency of the grating for long-term stable use. The performance of the 2D gMOT is analyzed with plug and probe beams, where the atomic source achieves a flux of 2.1 × 10 8 atoms/s and mean velocity of 6.4 m/s for an input laser power of 75 mW. The velocity measurement allows for the precise characterization of atom-photon scattering properties, showing that the compact 2D gMOT is suitable for portable quantum devices such as atomic clocks, quantum sensors, and precision spectroscopy.
Optical atomic clocks with precisions and accuracies in the
10
−18 level [1] are now the most advanced man-made timekeeping devices. They outperform the microwave cesium atomic clocks that realize the SI definition of the second. Scaling down the size of optical atomic clocks may open the door to a range of industrial and space applications.
In this thesis, the design and preliminary results of a compact strontium cooling system are presented. In the first cooling stage, the high power 461 nm laser with 300 mW output features a modular design, while smaller laser sources for demonstrating a strontium magneto-optical trap have also been investigated. An innovative design that couples a spectroscopy cell directly into the scientific chamber reduces the overall size and power consumption of the system. Additionally, using strontium oxide as a source of strontium atoms suitable for optical clocks has achieved initial success. For the first time, a single-beam MOT configuration is applied to strontium. In this novel apparatus, the blue MOT and red MOT broadband cooling phases are able to trap 5x10
6 and 1000 atoms, respectively. This work shows promising progress towards developing a functional miniaturized strontium optical lattice clock.