The application of the conditional density matrix in the Heisenberg representation to the processes caused by entanglement allows elimination of any misunderstanding of these phenomena. We consider quantum entanglement of two- and four-particle systems, quantum correlations different from entanglement, and their causes.
Density matrix is one important tool in quantum mechanics,and it has very broad applications.However there are different definitions about the density matrix,and they describe quite different systems.There has been some misunderstanding about the density matrix in the community,and these misunderstandings hinder the right application of the density matrix.In this article,we discuss the different definitions of density matrix. We suggest to use the full density matrix,compressed density matrix and the reduced density matrix to describe the state of a complete quantum system,the state of an averaged particle in an ensemble and the state of part of a composite system.We stress that contrary to the wide accepted understanding that ensembles with the same compressed density matrix are physically indistinguishable, they are distinguishable through the so-called ensemble measurement.As an application,we suggest that the present conclusion that the present-day nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computation does not have quantum entanglement is groundless.
We construct a classical code, called a Heisenberg code, which is not uniquely decipherable in order to mimic the quantum behavior of uncertainty. We classify this code according to two properties and determine the possible codeword lengths for a Heisenberg code. We suggest a possible example of a physical system which utilizes Heisenberg codes. We define a channel for Heisenberg codes, called a Heisenberg channel, which is a composite of a sender state and a receiver state which are matrices of probability amplitudes. We demonstrate that Heisenberg channels have partial trace properties similar to density matrices for quantum states. Next, we show that certain Heisenberg channels can be associated to the correlations between different partite systems of a quantum states, and define Heisenberg states and Heisenberg density matrices which are sender states and Heisenberg channels with complex entries, respectively. We prove that a Heisenberg state exists for any quantum state and that a Heisenberg density matrix relating to an n-qubit quantum state is itself a density matrix for a (2n − 1)-qubit quantum state.
We point out that density matrices can only be used to describe quantum states, so the entanglement contained in a density matrix is just quantum entanglement. This means a bipartite state described by a density matrix contains quantum entanglement, unless the density matrix has the form ρAB=ρA⊗ρB.