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Journal of Statistical Physics

Perturbation expansions for quantum many-body systems

Martin P. Gelfand, Rajiv R. P. Singh, David A. Huse

Published Jun 1, 1990• 137 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/bf01334744

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In the probabilistic approach to quantum many-body systems, the ground-state energy is the solution of a nonlinear scalar equation written either as a cumulant expansion or as an expectation with respect to a probability distribution of the potential and hopping (amplitude and phase) values recorded during an infinitely lengthy evolution. We introduce a perturbative expansion of this probability distribution which conserves, at any order, a multinomial-like structure, typical of uncorrelated systems, but includes, order by order, the statistical correlations provided by the cumulant expansion. The proposed perturbative scheme is successfully tested in the case of pseudo spin 1/2 hard-core boson Hubbard models also when affected by a phase problem due to an applied magnetic field.
A perturbation theory is developed for the logarithm of the normalization integral (or partition function) of an N-body system which is either a Bose liquid in its ground state or a classical fluid in the canonical ensemble. The perturbation in the former is an n-body factor in the ground state wavefunction and in the latter is an n-body potential. The normalization function serves as a generating function for the cumulants (or static correlation functions) of the density fluctuation operator ρk. The expansions of the perturbed partition function and correlation functions are shown to be linked cluster expansions involving the correlation functions in the unperturbed system; each term in these expansions is manifestly of the proper order in N. Several approximations involving truncations of the cumulants and/or resummation of part of the terms in the linked cluster expansions are discussed.
We demonstrate that perturbative expansions for quantum many-body systems can be rephrased in terms of tensor networks, thereby providing a natural framework for interpolating perturbative expansions across a quantum phase transition. This approach leads to classes of tensor-network states parametrized by few parameters with a clear physical meaning, while still providing excellent variational energies. We also demonstrate how to construct perturbative expansions of the entanglement Hamiltonian, whose eigenvalues form the entanglement spectrum, and how the tensor-network approach gives rise to order parameters for topological phase transitions.