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Physical Review Letters

Generation of Phase States by Two-Photon Absorption

Hiromi Ezaki, Eiichi Hanamura, Y. Yamamoto

Published Oct 25, 1999• 24 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A new method for producing a phase state by two-photon absorption is proposed. We show that such a process conserves the phase of an initial coherent state $|\ensuremath{\alpha}〉$ and converts it to $|\ensuremath{\psi}〉\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}(|0〉{+e}^{i\ensuremath{\varphi}}|1〉)/\sqrt{2}$, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}|\ensuremath{\alpha}|{e}^{i\ensuremath{\varphi}}$. Therefore, we obtain desirable phase states by controlling the phase of the initial coherent state. Appropriate materials with a reasonable two-photon absorption rate are proposed.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.83.3558

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A new method for producing a phase state by two-photon absorption is proposed. We show that such a process conserves the phase of an initial coherent state ∣\ensuremathα〉|\ensuremath{\alpha}〉∣\ensuremathα〉 and converts it to ∣\ensuremathψ〉=(∣0〉+ei\ensuremathφ∣1〉)/2|\ensuremath{\psi}〉\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}(|0〉{+e}^{i\ensuremath{\varphi}}|1〉)/\sqrt{2}∣\ensuremathψ〉=(∣0〉+ei\ensuremathφ∣1〉)/2​, where \ensuremathα=∣\ensuremathα∣ei\ensuremathφ\ensuremath{\alpha}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}|\ensuremath{\alpha}|{e}^{i\ensuremath{\varphi}}\ensuremathα=∣\ensuremathα∣ei\ensuremathφ. Therefore, we obtain desirable phase states by controlling the phase of the initial coherent state. Appropriate materials with a reasonable two-photon absorption rate are proposed.
Laser light has been used as a probe of atoms, molecules, and solids since the invention of the laser. The use of laser light in a more active role, to modify and process surfaces, and initiate chemical reactions, followed shortly thereafter. But usually it is the intensity and the directionality of the laser light that is employed, not necessarily its coherence, and not particularly the fact that it has a well-defined phase. 'Coherence control' can be broadly understood as the set of processes whereby light modifies matter in a way that is critically dependent on the incident light beams possessing well-defined phases. While in a laser matter is manipulated to produce light of the desired properties, in coherent control light is manipulated -- in particular, its phase and intensity is adjusted -- to produce a material response of the desired type. Of the various coherent control processes that are currently being investigated, some involve a transition in the material medium from an initial state to a final state by two or more possible processes. With each of these is associated a quantum mechanical amplitude, and hence the probability for the transition can show interference effects between the two amplitudes, just as in the familiar two-slit interference experiment the probability for the electron to be observed at a given position involves a probability that is the square of the sum of two amplitudes. In quantum interference control (QUIC), the relative phase of the two amplitudes is adjusted by adjusting the relative phase of two polarizations of a single beam, or the relative phase of two beams at different frequencies. It is this particular type of coherent control that is of interest in this communication.
This paper presents a method to convert position correlation of photon pairs into polarization entanglement. This is achieved by individually manipulating the polarization state of photons generated in different parts of a nonlinear medium and coherently superposing them. This concept is experimentally demonstrated using photon pairs produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion. The method is used to implement a compact source producing an observed photon-pair rate of $120\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}000\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}{\text{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}/\text{mW}$ with an entanglement fidelity of $0.991\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.013$. This method can be extended to any photon-pair generation process with initial position correlation.