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Physical Review C

Comments on testing the Pauli principle

R. D. Amado, Henry Primakoff

Published Sep 1, 1980• 57 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Particle identity in quantum mechanics makes it impossible to test the Pauli exclusion principle by looking for "forbidden" x rays or $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays. Such experiments do, however, test particle stability. Evidence for the indistinguishability of electrons and nucleons is discussed.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Particle identity and the Pauli exclusion principle, particle stability.

DOI
10.1103/physrevc.22.1338

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Particle identity in quantum mechanics makes it impossible to test the Pauli exclusion principle by looking for "forbidden" x rays or \ensuremathγ\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremathγ rays. Such experiments do, however, test particle stability. Evidence for the indistinguishability of electrons and nucleons is discussed.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Particle identity and the Pauli exclusion principle, particle stability.
In this article, we discuss the identity and indistinguishability of quantum systems and the consequent need to introduce an extra postulate in Quantum Mechanics to correctly describe situations involving indistinguishable particles. This is, for electrons, the Pauli Exclusion Principle, or in general, the Symmetrization Postulate. Then, we introduce fermions and bosons and the distributions respectively describing their statistical behaviour in indistinguishable situations. Following that, we discuss the spin-statistics connection, as well as alternative statistics and experimental evidence for all these results, including the use of bunching and antibunching of particles emerging from a beam splitter as a signature for some bosonic or fermionic states.
In this article, we discuss the identity and indistinguishability of quantum systems and the consequent need to introduce an extra postulate in Quantum Mechanics to correctly describe situations involving indistinguishable particles. This is, for electrons, the Pauli Exclusion Principle, or in general, the Symmetrization Postulate. Then, we introduce fermions and bosons and the distributions respectively describing their statistical behaviour in indistinguishable situations. Following that, we discuss the spin-statistics connection, as well as alternative statistics and experimental evidence for all these results, including the use of bunching and antibunching of particles emerging from a beam splitter as a signature for some bosonic or fermionic states.
The modern state of the Pauli exclusion principle is shortly discussed. We describe the discovery by Pauli, his principle for electrons, and how it was generalized for all elementary particles in the framework of quantum mechanics. The motivations and theoretical conceptions that induced the experiments for verification of the Pauli exclusion principle are analyzed. The results and methodology of two different types of experiments are discussed: (1) the search of unusual atoms and nuclei in the stable non-Pauli states, and (2) the experiments in which the emitted radiation of non-Pauli transitions is measured. In conclusion, the comments on the discussed experiments that follow from the general quantum mechanical conceptions and group theory are formulated.
One of the fundamental rules of nature and a pillar in the foundation of quantum theory and thus of modern physics is represented by the Pauli Exclusion Principle. We know that this principle is extremely well fulfilled due to many observations. Numerous experiments were performed to search for tiny violation of this rule in various systems. The experiment VIP at the Gran Sasso underground laboratory is searching for possible small violations of the Pauli Exclusion Principle for electrons leading to forbidden X-ray transitions in copper atoms. VIP is aiming at a test of the Pauli Exclusion Principle for electrons with high accuracy, down to the level of 10−29^{-29}−29 - 10−30^{-30}−30, thus improving the previous limit by 3-4 orders of magnitude. The experimental method, results obtained so far and new developments within VIP2 (follow-up experiment at Gran Sasso, in preparation) to further increase the precision by 2 orders of magnitude will be presented.
The Pauli Principle represents one of the most important rules in physics and explains numerous phenomena as well as characteristic properties of matter, like its stability. Testing the validity of this principle at the highest possible sensitivity is a challenging experimental task - the VIP experiment at the Gran Sasso underground laboratory aims at a limit for the violation probability of the order of 10 −29 to 10 −30 . The method is based on the search for Pauli-forbidden x-ray transitions in a pure copper conductor using silicon x-ray detectors with high resolution in energy. The experimental setup, results obtained so far and new ideas to further enhance the sensitivity will be presented.
The connection between the exclusion principle and the principle of indistinguishability of identical particles in quantum mechanics is discussed. It is shown with the aid of a density matrix defined for states with arbitrary permutation symmetry that the particles are indistinguishable only for one-dimensional representations of the permutation group (symmetrical and antisymmetrycal), and are distinguishable in all the states that are degenerate in the permutations. It is demonstrated by the same token that the exclusion principle follows from the principle of indistinguishability of identical particles and the Pauli theorem on the connection between spin and statistics.