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Physical Review A

Selection rules and line strengths of Zeeman-split dark resonances

R. Wynands, A. Nagel, Sebastián Brandt, Dieter Meschede, Antoine Weis

Published Jul 1, 1998• 69 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In a weak magnetic field coherent dark resonances in cesium vapor are split into up to 15 resolved components, depending on field direction and laser polarizations. We find that the selection rules are different for vapor cells with and without buffer gas due to a change in multipolarity of the two-photon coupling. At low laser intensities or sufficiently high buffer-gas pressure optical pumping between different dark resonances can be neglected so that a simple model allows one to calculate the relative line strengths, giving complete agreement with the experimental spectra.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.58.196

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In a weak magnetic field coherent dark resonances in cesium vapor are split into up to 15 resolved components, depending on field direction and laser polarizations. We find that the selection rules are different for vapor cells with and without buffer gas due to a change in multipolarity of the two-photon coupling. At low laser intensities or sufficiently high buffer-gas pressure optical pumping between different dark resonances can be neglected so that a simple model allows one to calculate the relative line strengths, giving complete agreement with the experimental spectra.
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The dependence of the fluorescence intensity of Cs vapor irradiated by elliptically polarized light resonant with the F = 4 → F = 5 transition on the scanned magnetic field has a complex shape — a narrow dip against the background of a broad peak. It is found experimentally that the dip is due to the small component of the magnetic field orthogonal to the direction of the laser beam. A two-level atom model with degenerate angular-momentum states predicts an order of magnitude lower contrast of this dip. The experimentally observed contrast of the dip can be explained by assuming that due to the low buffer-gas pressure in the optical cell, part of the resonant atoms is able to return to the laser beam without thermalized collisions with the wall of the cell, increasing the contrast. In addition, accounting for all optical transitions of the D 2-line and the optical pumping of the hyperfine-structure components of the ground state is a fundamental point for the interpretation of the experimental results.
Summary form only given. We develop a new analytical theory, which takes into account the full atomic level structure (both Zeeman and hyperfine) as well as all field-induced effects such as coherence preparation, optical pumping, ac Stark shifts, and power broadening. The crucial assumption is the total collisional depolarization in the excited state. In addition, we add the (optional) approximations of homogeneous broadening and low-saturation. With these approximations, we get a quite general analytical result for the atomic response, which holds for arbitrary excitation schemes (D2 as well as D1 lines), field polarizations, and magnetic field directions. Specifically, in the case of sufficiently large magnetic field, when only two states participate in the coherence preparation, analytical lineshapes coincide exactly with the Lorentz-Lorentz model heuristically introduced to fit experimental data.
The sub-natural width N -type resonance in a Λ-system, on the D 2 line of Cs atoms is studied for the first time in the presence of a buffer gas (neon) and the radiations of two continuous narrow-band diode lasers. A L = 1 cm long cell is used to investigate the N -type process. The N -type resonance in a magnetic field for 133 Cs atoms is shown to split into seven or eight components, depending on the magnetic field and laser radiation directions. The results obtained indicate that the levels F g = 3, 4 are the initial and final ones in the N -resonance formation. The experimental results with magnetic field agree well with theoretical descriptions.
Summary form only given.We consider coherent dark resonances in Cs vapor cells where the effective interaction time between atoms and light is increased through the addition of a buffer gas or through a coating of the cell walls with siloxane. The light sources are two diode lasers phase locked at 9.2 GHz frequency difference, corresponding to the hyperfine splitting of cesium. The phase-locked loop eliminates difference frequency jitter and leads to resonances narrower than 50 Hz, which can be applied to various precision experiments.