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AIP conference proceedings

Emission Properties And Photon Statistics Of A Single Quantum-Dot Laser

Christopher Gies, P. Gärtner, S. Ritter, F. Jahnke, Jisoon Ihm, Hyeonsik Cheong

Published Jan 1, 2011• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We study the light‐matter interaction of a single semiconductor quantum dot in a microcavity. Excitation‐dependent effects, like dephasing and Coulomb screening lead to a transition from excitonic emission to contributions from multi‐exciton states as the pump is increased. During this transition, the system passes from strong to weak coupling, the photon‐emission changes from sub‐poissonian to coherent emission via bunching, and the output intensity follows an s‐shaped curve typically seen in many‐emitter systems. These effects have also been observed experimentally and explained in terms of an atomic model that also accounts for a background contribution of other emitter. Here we give an alternative interpretation based on the semiconductor nature of the single quantum‐dot emitter.

DOI
10.1063/1.3666458

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•Sep 12, 2011•0 citations
We study the light‐matter interaction of a single semiconductor quantum dot in a microcavity. Excitation‐dependent effects, like dephasing and Coulomb screening lead to a transition from excitonic emission to contributions from multi‐exciton states as the pump is increased. During this transition, the system passes from strong to weak coupling, the photon‐emission changes from sub‐poissonian to coherent emission via bunching, and the output intensity follows an s‐shaped curve typically seen in many‐emitter systems. These effects have also been observed experimentally and explained in terms of an atomic model that also accounts for a background contribution of other emitter. Here we give an alternative interpretation based on the semiconductor nature of the single quantum‐dot emitter.
A theoretical description for a single quantum-dot emitter in a microcavity is developed.We analyze for increasing steady-state pump rate the transition from the strong-coupling regime with photon antibunching to the weak-coupling regime with coherent emission. It is demonstrated how Coulomb interaction of excited carriers and excitation-induced dephasing can strongly modify the emission properties. Our theoretical investigations are based on a direct solution of the Liouville-von Neumann equation for the coupled carrier-photon system. We include multiple carrier excitations in the quantum dot, their Coulomb interaction, as well as excitation-induced dephasing and screening. Similarities and differences to atomic systems are discussed and results in the regime of recent experiments are interpreted.
We study the dynamics of a quantum dot embedded in a three-dimensional microcavity in the strong coupling regime in which the quantum dot exciton has an energy close to the frequency of a confined cavity mode. Under the continuous pumping of the system, the confined electron and hole can recombine either by spontaneous emission through a leaky mode or by stimulated emission of a cavity mode that can escape from the cavity. The numerical integration of a master equation including all these effects gives the dynamics of the density matrix. By using the quantum regression theorem, we compute the first- and second-order coherence functions required to calculate the photon statistics and the spectrum of the emitted light. Our main result is the determination of a range of parameters in which a state of cavity modes with Poissonian or sub-Poissonian (nonclassical) statistics can be built up within the microcavity. Depending on the relative values of pumping and rate of stimulated emission, either one or two peaks close to the excitation energy of the dot and/or to the natural frequency of the cavity are observed in the emission spectrum. The physics behind these results is discussed.
Light-matter interaction on the level of single emitters and single photons has attracted significant scientific interest in recent years. Of particular interest is strong coupling of single emitters in solid state systems and its application to quantum information processing. Due to the enormous progress in semiconductor technology it has become feasible to demonstrate strong coupling of single quantum dots in high-Q microcavity systems. Although it has been argued in these studies that it is very unlikely that several degenerated quantum dots contributed to the observed Rabi-splitting, it was not verified that the system had one and only one emitter. In this work we present proof that the emission from a strongly-coupled QD- microcavity system is dominated by a single quantum emitter.
We investigate the intensity correlation properties of single photons emitted from an optically excited single semiconductor quantum dot. The second order temporal coherence function of the photons emitted at various wavelengths is measured as a function of the excitation power. We show experimentally and theoretically that a quantum dot is not only a source of nonclassically correlated monochromatic photons but is also a source of multicolor photons with tunable correlation properties. We found that the emitted photon statistics can be varied by the excitation rate from a sub-Poissonian one, where the photons are temporally antibunched, to super-Poissonian, where they are temporally bunched.
Quantum optics provides a fundamental framework for understanding the interaction between light and matter at the quantum level. Recently, it has been shown that under incoherent pumping, the resonance fluorescence spectrum dramatically changes. Engineering the resonance fluorescence spectrum paves the way towards solid-state-based single-photon sources. In this paper, we start by reviewing and reproducing some of the results concerning the resonance fluorescence spectrum, single-photon sources, dressed-state lasers, and luminescence spectrum of a quantum dot in a microcavity. Photon correlations in quantum optical systems and spectral properties of radiation emitted by atomic and semiconductor systems interacting with external fields are investigated. The well known Mollow triplet structure of the emission spectrum is discussed, together with the role of dressed states in explaining the origin of the three spectral peaks. Furthermore, the luminescence spectra of quantum emitters coupled to microcavities are reviewed. The numerical results presented here contribute to the theoretical understanding of resonance fluorescence, photon correlations, and engineered emission in quantum optical systems. These studies highlight the rich physical properties arising from light matter interaction at the quantum level and demonstrate their relevance for emerging quantum technologies.
Single photon emission is one of the most striking optical properties of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), and the corresponding photon anti-bunching effect was observed by photoluminescence experiments in single QDs under non-resonant excitation [1]. In this configuration, the residual excitation of the QD environment that acts as a fluctuating reservoir for spectral diffusion [2] reduces the coherence time and prevents from the realization of single photons sources with high degree of indistinguishability. Therefore, strictly resonant excitation of the fundamental interband transition [3,4,5] is essential to reduce the dephasing processes and get high-performance single photon sources. In this paper, we report on the resonant Rayleigh scattering (RRS) of the exciton in single InAs/GaAs QDs embedded in a planar microcavity [3]. Strikingly, the most frequent case (98%) corresponds to the absence of resonance in the RRS spectrum, resulting in QDs non-coupled to light. We show that resonant fluorescence of the exciton is restored for all the QDs when an additional non-resonant laser is applied at extremely weak power ranges (few nWs). A clear photon anti-bunching under strictly resonant excitation proves that the optically gated RRS spectrum is dominated by resonant fluorescence of the exciton. A complete study will be presented such as the switching dynamics of the RRS and its power dependence with the resonant and non-resonant lasers. The phenomenon is interpreted within a simple model where the exciton resonant fluorescence is quenched by Coulomb blockade after tunneling of a hole in the QD from a structural deep level. The additional non-resonant laser suppresses Coulomb blockade by switching back the QD into a neutral state. We conclude that the optical response of the QD remains affected by its environment even in case of coherent resonant pumping. An optical control of the QD environment is essential to bring the QD from a "dark" to a "bright" state under strictly resonant excitation. References [1] P. Michler et al., Science 290, 2282 (2000) [2] A. Berthelot et al., Nature Physics 2, 759 (2006) [3] A. Muller et al., PRL 99, 187402 (2007) [4] R. Melet et al., PRB 78, 073301 (2008) [5] S. Ates et al., PRL 103, 167402 (2009)