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Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A

Ground-State Energy of a Weakly Interacting Bose Gas: Calculation Without Regularization

Christoph Weiß, Martin Block, Dave Boers, André Eckardt, Martin Holthaus

Published Feb 1, 2004• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The textbook calculation of the ground-state energy of a dilute gas of Bose particles is examined in detail, and certain mathematical inconsistencies are pointed out. On the basis of this analysis, a refined approach suitable for soft interaction potentials which lend themselves to a low-order Born approximation is developed. This procedure emphasizes the low-density character of the resulting formula for the ground-state energy, and avoids all divergent expressions at intermediate stages of the computation. It is stressed that the standard Bogoliubov approximation, if not augmented by some additional device, leads to an error which manifests itself already in the lowest order of the density. - PACS 03.75.Hh, 05.30.Jp, 03.65.Nk.

DOI
10.1515/zna-2004-1-201

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The textbook calculation of the ground-state energy of a dilute gas of Bose particles is examined in detail, and certain mathematical inconsistencies are pointed out. On the basis of this analysis, a refined approach suitable for soft interaction potentials which lend themselves to a low-order Born approximation is developed. This procedure emphasizes the low-density character of the resulting formula for the ground-state energy, and avoids all divergent expressions at intermediate stages of the computation. It is stressed that the standard Bogoliubov approximation, if not augmented by some additional device, leads to an error which manifests itself already in the lowest order of the density. - PACS 03.75.Hh, 05.30.Jp, 03.65.Nk.
The calculation of the ground-state energy of a homogeneous Bose gas with soft interparticle interaction results in an expression originally stated by Brueckner and Sawada, instead of the more accurate Lee-Yang formula. We show that the source of this discrepancy lies in the residual terms of the full Hamiltonian which are neglected in the standard Bogoliubov scheme. Incorporating these residual interactions, we derive an improved upper bound on the ground-state energy. An important link in our chain of arguments consists in the fact that the Born series of the scattering length is a convergent rather than an asymptotic expansion at least for su ciently soft potentials. We provide an exactly solvable model which demonstrates that the Born series of the scattering length reproduces, within its radius of convergence, the exact scattering length.
We study the ground state properties of interacting Fermi gases in the dilute regime, in three dimensions. We compute the ground state energy of the system, for positive interaction potentials. We recover a well-known expression for the ground state energy at second order in the particle density, which depends on the interaction potential only via its scattering length. The first proof of this result has been given by Lieb, Seiringer and Solovej (Phys Rev A 71:053605, 2005). In this paper, we give a new derivation of this formula, using a different method; it is inspired by Bogoliubov theory, and it makes use of the almost-bosonic nature of the low-energy excitations of the systems. With respect to previous work, our result applies to a more regular class of interaction potentials, but it comes with improved error estimates on the ground state energy asymptotics in the density.
When calculating the ground-state energy of a weakly interacting Bose gas with the help of the customary contact pseudopotential, one meets an artifical ultraviolet divergence which is caused by the incorrect treatment of the true interparticle interactions at small distances. We argue that this problem can be avoided by retaining the actual, momentum-dependent interaction matrix elements, and use this insight for computing both the ground-state energy and the depletions of a binary Bose gas mixture. Even when considering the experimentally relevant case of equal masses of both species, the resulting expressions are quite involved, and they are no straightforward generalizations of the known single-species formulas. On the other hand, we demonstrate in detail how these latter formulas are recovered from our two-species results in the limit of vanishing interspecies interaction.
According to a formula that was put forward many decades ago the ground state energy per particle of an interacting, dilute Bose gas at density ρρρ is 2πℏ2ρa/m2π\hbar^2ρa/m2πℏ2ρa/m to leading order in ρa3≪1ρa^3\ll 1ρa3≪1, where aaa is the scattering length of the interaction potential and mmm the particle mass. This result, which is important for the theoretical description of current experiments on Bose-Einstein condensation, has recently been established rigorously for the first time. We give here an account of the proof that applies to nonnegative, spherically symmetric potentials decreasing faster than 1/r31/r^31/r3 at infinity.
Now that the low temperature properties of quantum-mechanical many-body systems (bosons) at low density, ρρρ, can be examined experimentally it is appropriate to revisit some of the formulas deduced by many authors 4-5 decades ago. For systems with repulsive (i.e. positive) interaction potentials the experimental low temperature state and the ground state are effectively synonymous -- and this fact is used in all modeling. In such cases, the leading term in the energy/particle is 2πℏ2aρ/m2π\hbar^2 a ρ/m2πℏ2aρ/m where aaa is the scattering length of the two-body potential. Owing to the delicate and peculiar nature of bosonic correlations (such as the strange N7/5N^{7/5}N7/5 law for charged bosons), four decades of research failed to establish this plausible formula rigorously. The only previous lower bound for the energy was found by Dyson in 1957, but it was 14 times too small. The correct asymptotic formula has recently been obtained by us and this work will be presented. The reason behind the mathematical difficulties will be emphasized. A different formula, postulated as late as 1971 by Schick, holds in two-dimensions and this, too, will be shown to be correct. With the aid of the methodology developed to prove the lower bound for the homogeneous gas, two other problems have been successfully addressed. One is the proof by us that the Gross-Pitaevskii equation correctly describes the ground state in the `traps' actually used in the experiments. For this system it is also possible to prove complete Bose condensation, as we have shown. Another topic is a proof that Foldy's 1961 theory of a high density Bose gas of charged particles correctly describes its ground state energy.
It is known that for a weakly interacting Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), the assumption of a two-body $\ensuremath{\delta}$ interaction described by a constant coupling strength gives rise to a divergent ground-state energy. A similar divergence occurs in the spinor condensate in which the spin-spin interaction is included in addition to the repulsive $\ensuremath{\delta}$ interaction. In this paper, we examine, in the standard Bogoliubov approximation, the ground-state energy of a homogeneous spinor BEC with hyperfine spin f=1.f=1.f=1. The renormalized coupling constants are calculated and expressed in terms of the bare ones using the standard second-order perturbation method. With these renormalized coupling constants, we show that the ultraviolet divergence of the ground-state energy can be exactly eliminated.