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AIP conference proceedings

Entanglement of phase-random states

Yoshifumi Nakata, Peter Turner, Mio Murao

Published Jan 1, 2014• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In order to study generic properties of time-evolving states by time-independent Hamiltonian dynamics, we introduce phase-random states, an ensemble of pure states with fixed amplitudes and uniformly distributed phases in a fixed basis. We compute the average amount of entanglement of phase-random states analytically, and show that the average can be extremely large when the amplitudes are equal and the basis is separable. We also study implications on Hamiltonian dynamics, in particular the realization of the canonical state in a subsystem.

DOI
10.1063/1.4903086

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In order to study generic properties of time-evolving states by time-independent Hamiltonian dynamics, we introduce phase-random states, an ensemble of pure states with fixed amplitudes and uniformly distributed phases in a fixed basis. We compute the average amount of entanglement of phase-random states analytically, and show that the average can be extremely large when the amplitudes are equal and the basis is separable. We also study implications on Hamiltonian dynamics, in particular the realization of the canonical state in a subsystem.
Motivated by studies of typical properties of quantum states in statistical mechanics, we introduce phase-random states, an ensemble of pure states with fixed amplitudes and uniformly distributed phases in a fixed basis. We first give a sufficient condition for canonical states to typically appear in subsystems of phase-random states, which reveals a trade-off relation between the initial state in the bounded energy subspace and the energy eigenstates that define that subspace. We then investigate the simulatability of phase-random states, which is directly related to that of time evolution in closed systems, by studying their entanglement properties. We find that, starting from a separable state, time evolutions under Hamiltonians composed of only separable eigenstates generate extremely high entanglement and are difficult to simulate with matrix-product states. We also show that random quantum circuits consisting of only two-qubit diagonal unitaries can generate an ensemble with the same average entanglement as phase-random states.
We study the time evolution of the amount of entanglement generated by one-dimensional spin-1/2 Ising-type Hamiltonians composed of many-body interactions. We investigate sets of states randomly selected during the time evolution generated by several types of time-independent Hamiltonians by analyzing the distributions of the amount of entanglement of the sets. We compare such entanglement distributions with that of typical entanglement, entanglement of a set of states randomly selected from a Hilbert space with respect to the unitarily invariant measure. We show that the entanglement distribution obtained by a time-independent Hamiltonian can simulate the average and standard deviation of the typical entanglement, if the Hamiltonian contains suitable many-body interactions. We also show that the time required to achieve such a distribution is polynomial in the system size for certain types of Hamiltonians.
We consider a system weakly interacting with a bath as a thermodynamic setting to establish a quantum foundation of statistical physics. It is shown that even if the composite system is initially in an arbitrary nonequilibrium pure quantum state, the unitary dynamics of a generic weak interaction almost always drives the subsystem into the canonical ensemble, in the usual sense of typicality. A crucial step is taken by assuming that the matrix elements of the interaction Hamiltonian have random phases, while their amplitudes are left unrestricted.
Motivated by the fact that random quantum states are generic, i. e., that they occur as eigenvectors or during time evolution of sufficiently complex quantum system, we are going to address three questions: (i) what is the entanglement content of random quantum states, (ii) how can we efficiently generate them, and (iii) how come that there is apparently no entanglement in macroscopic world. To explain the later we will use properties of random quantum states. To answer the first question we are going to calculate average values of all Schmidt coefficient and to address the second one we are going to explicitly calculate convergence times of various random protocols.
Deep thermalization concerns the emergence of universal pure-state statistics in projected ensembles at late times, yet the mechanism governing the initial growth of randomness remains unclear. Here, we study the short-time dynamics of projected ensembles generated from initially unentangled states, quantifying their randomness using frame potentials. For arbitrary Hamiltonians, provided the initial bath state has full support in the measurement basis, we show that the frame potentials to cubic order in time are determined entirely by the subsystem purity, and hence by the bipartite entanglement generated between the unmeasured subsystem and its complement. The entanglement timescale therefore sets the initial timescale for the growth of local randomness, independently of the bath measurement basis. For unitarily invariant Hamiltonian ensembles, we further relate the projected-ensemble frame potential at order kkk to the 4k4k4k-point spectral form factor, or equivalently to the 2k2k2kth frame potential of the global unitary dynamics, establishing a direct connection between local and global randomness. Our results identify entanglement as the mechanism governing the onset of randomness in projected ensembles and clarify how local randomness emerges from global quantum dynamics.
The entanglement between two arbitrary subsystems of random pure states is studied via properties of the density matrix's partial transpose ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{12}^{{T}_{2}}$. The density of states of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{12}^{{T}_{2}}$ is close to the semicircle law when both subsystems have dimensions which are not too small and are of the same order. A simple random matrix model for the partial transpose is found to capture the entanglement properties well, including a transition across a critical dimension. Log negativity is used to quantify entanglement between subsystems and analytic formulas for this are derived based on the simple model. The skewness of the eigenvalue density of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{12}^{{T}_{2}}$ is derived analytically, using the average of the third moment over the ensemble of random pure states. The third moment after partial transpose is also shown to be related to a generalization of the Kempe invariant. The smallest eigenvalue after partial transpose is found to follow the extreme value statistics of random matrices; namely, the Tracy-Widom distribution. This distribution, with relevant parameters obtained from the model, is found to be useful in calculating the fraction of entangled states at critical dimensions. These results are tested in a quantum dynamical system of three coupled standard maps, where one finds that if the parameters represent a strongly chaotic system, the results are close to those of random states, although there are some systematic deviations at critical dimensions.