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Physical Review A

Frequency and polarization effects in stabilization

Howard R. Reiss

Published Jul 1, 1992• 32 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantitative results are presented for stabilization of atoms against ionization by strong laser fields over a wide range of frequencies for circular and linear polarization. With circular polarization, stabilization occurs for all frequencies. At high frequency (\ensuremath{\omega}>1 a.u.), the stabilization intensity is predicted by the occurrence of photon thresholds. This mechanism gives excellent numerical agreement both with present calculations and the results of Pont and Gavrila [Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2362 (1990)]. A different mechanism operates for \ensuremath{\omega}1 a.u. Linear polarization differs strongly from circular polarization in many respects.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.46.391

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Quantitative results are presented for stabilization of atoms against ionization by strong laser fields over a wide range of frequencies for circular and linear polarization. With circular polarization, stabilization occurs for all frequencies. At high frequency (\ensuremath{\omega}>1 a.u.), the stabilization intensity is predicted by the occurrence of photon thresholds. This mechanism gives excellent numerical agreement both with present calculations and the results of Pont and Gavrila [Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2362 (1990)]. A different mechanism operates for \ensuremath{\omega}1 a.u. Linear polarization differs strongly from circular polarization in many respects.
The photoionization of atoms in a strong electromagnetic field leads to the effect of "above-threshold" ionization, displaying a number of peaks in the energy spectrum of the photoelectrons. In the case of a one-electron model atom in a circularly polarized field, we derive expressions that describe the position as well as the intensity of those peaks as a function of the field parameters by means of a nonperturbative method. It is immediately clear from our formulas that the lowest-energy peaks in general disappear with increasing field intensity, for Coulomb-like as well as shortrange potentials. For a zero-range potential, a numerical evaluation is easily performed, leading to results that are in every respect qualitatively similar to the experimental results obtained thus far on these kinds of processes.
Two projects are studied in this thesis: (1) Atomic and Molecular Stabilization in Super-Intense High-Frequency Laser Fields. (2) Entanglement of Dipole Arrays in External Electric Fields. Chapter 1 presents a general introduction and the motivation for these two projects. Chapter 2 focuses on atomic stabilization of negative multiple charged onions in linearly polarized super-intense high-frequency laser field in 3-dimensional space using both frequency independent (Section 2.2) and dependent (Section 2.3) potentials. By theoretical calculation, it is predicted that He-, He2-, Li- and Li2- are stable in super-intense high-frequency laser field. Chapter 3 studies atomic stabilization in both linearly and circularly polarized super-intense high-frequency laser field in both 3 dimensional space and large-D limit. Chapter 4 studies stabilization of simple diatomic molecules in linearly polarized super-intense high-frequency laser field in both 3 dimensional space and large-D limit. It was proved, in chapter 3 and 4, that dimensional scaling, combined with the High-Frequency Floquet theory, provides a useful means to evaluate the stability of gas phase atomic anions in a superintense laser field. Chapter 5 focuses on He-He bonding in linearly polarized super-intense high-frequency laser field. The distribution of the vibronic transitions from electric ground state to [special characters omitted] excited state for He2 in superintense high frequency laser fields is obtained by numerical methods. Chapter 6 studies entanglement of multi-dimensional systems of dipoles in external electric fields. A new entanglement switch of qubits consisting of electric dipoles oriented along or against an external electric field and coupled by the electric dipole-dipole interaction is proposed in this chapter. The pairwise entanglement can be tuned and controlled by the ratio of the Rabi frequency and the dipole-dipole coupling strength. Tuning the entanglement can be achieved for one, two and three-dimensional arrangements of the qubits. The feasibility of building such an entanglement switch is also discussed in this chapter.
Stabilization, the exotic process by which an atom in a superintense laser field, of the order of the atomic unit, reacts to the increase in intensity or decrease in frequency by increasing its lifetime, has been recognized as elusive for atomic ground states. We now show that the stabilization regime can be effectively attained at present laser performances (intensities, frequencies, pulse shapes) when starting with atoms prepared initially in Rydberg states of high magnetic quantum number with respect to the axis of linear polarization.
We report the first observation of the ionization of Rydberg atoms by a circularly polarized 8.5-GHz microwave field. The observed threshold field for ionization is E=1/16n4{\mathrm{n}}^{4}n4, a value higher than that required for ionization by a linearly polarized microwave field. The origin of this threshold can be understood by transforming to a frame rotating at the microwave frequency. In the rotating frame no transitions occur, and level mixings alone are responsible for the ionization.
We formulate a quantum theory of photon emission during strong-laser-field-induced ionization and show that such photons can be emitted in a single-step process. The probability of this process is many orders of magnitude higher than that of the well-known high-order harmonic generation, which is a three-step process. We analyzed photon emission for various wavelengths and intensities of the laser field and found that the probability of photon emission is maximal for energies near 5 eV and that it can be shifted to higher energies for higher intensity. For a bichromatic linearly polarized laser field the photon emission rate can be controlled with the relative phase between the field components and can be one order of magnitude higher than in the monochromatic case. For circular laser polarization the rate of photon emission is lower than for the linear one and it depends on the emitted photon direction (it is much lower if the emitted photon polarization is perpendicular to the laser-field polarization plane). For the counterrotating bicircular field the rate is much higher than for the corotating bicircular field, monochromatic circularly and linearly polarized fields, and bichromatic linearly polarized field. The rate is the highest for orthogonally polarized two-color field for the relative phase $\ensuremath{\pi}/2$.