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Contemporary Physics

Bose-Einstein condensation with evaporatively cooled atoms

Keith R. Burnett

Published Jan 1, 1996• 49 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The recent developments in the study of Bose-Einstein condensation of neutral atoms are described. These studies aim to observe this phenomenon in a Bose gas where the quantum statistics of the particles, rather than the interactions between them, dominate the transition. The latest techniques use a combination of laser and evaporative cooling to get to the very low temperatures, in the nanokelvin regime, that are required to see condensation. In recent experiments at the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics of the University Colorado and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Bose-condensed assemblies of rubidium atoms have been produced and their properties investigated. The relationship of this work to other phenomena in condensed matter and quantum field theory is discussed.

DOI
10.1080/00107519608228782

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Laser radiations are used to slow down atoms by the process o f momentum transfer.This leads to reducing the temperature to microkclvin region.Gas phase atoms are trapped by using magnetic fields.The recent advances have led to the realization of the dream of physicists o f confining the atoms and reducing their velocities to the limit imposed by quantum mechanics.A number of new experiments arc possible with the cooled and trapped atoms and ions that would be useful to solve many problems of theoretical physics. 1 unher cooling by the process o f evaporative technique has led to the observation of Bose-Hinslcin Condensation predicted by Einstein and Rose nearly seventy-five years ago.A brief review of the method of laser cooling, magnetic trapping and evaporative cooling methods used for obtaining ultracold atoms are discussed It is possible to obtain temperature in the nanokelvin region without using cryogenic methods thus simplifying the experimental methods to a great extent.

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The recent developments in the study of Bose-Einstein condensation of neutral atoms are described. These studies aim to observe this phenomenon in a Bose gas where the quantum statistics of the particles, rather than the interactions between them, dominate the transition. The latest techniques use a combination of laser and evaporative cooling to get to the very low temperatures, in the nanokelvin regime, that are required to see condensation. In recent experiments at the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics of the University Colorado and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Bose-condensed assemblies of rubidium atoms have been produced and their properties investigated. The relationship of this work to other phenomena in condensed matter and quantum field theory is discussed.
When the atoms in a gas are cooled to extremely low temperatures, their quantum-mechanical nature starts to dominate the properties of the whole gas. Under the appropriate conditions, the atoms will 'condense' into a single quantum state of the system-a phenomenon known as Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). The resulting 'condensate' behaves as a single, observable quantum-mechanical object. During the last decade, this new state of matter has displayed many remarkable properties. In this paper, we review some of the most recent experimental developments in the BEC field, highlighting the role of atomic interactions and the high degree of control with which condensates may be manipulated.
Bose-Einstein condensed atomic gases are a new class of quantum fluids. They are produced by cooling a dilute atomic gas to nanokelvin temperatures using laser and evaporative cooling techniques. In this paper we review developments in Bose-Einstein condensation, emphasizing how this new quantum fluid has become a laboratory for the study of collisions at ultralow energy and of collective effects in light-atom and atom-atom interactions. Magnetic fields have been used to modify the scattering length for atomic collisions. Spinor condensates were created, with a spin structure determined by spin relaxation collisions and external magnetic fields. We have used light scattering to study collective excitations and observed superradiant light emission. Dissipation was studied by dragging a repulsive, blue-detuned laser beam through the fluid, as well as by inducing collisions between condensates.
For sufficiently low temperatures, a Bose gas experiences a transition into a Bose-Einstein condensate, characterized by a macroscopic occupation of the ground state of the system. The development of efficient cooling and trapping techniques for neutral atoms led in 1995, to the first observation of BEC in dilute alkali gases in 87Rb [1]. This remarkable achievement has been followed by BEC experiments in various other elements. The BEC has become during the last years, one of the most active and fruitful research areas of modern atomic physics, constituting an interdisciplinary field, which links atomic physics with various other research areas, like quantum optics, condensed-matter physics, and very especially nonlinear physics.
This is the first book devoted to Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) as an interdisciplinary subject, covering atomic and molecular physics, laser physics, low temperature physics and astrophysics. It contains 18 authoritative review articles on experimental and theoretical research in BEC and associated phenomena. Bose–Einstein condensation is a phase transition in which a macroscopic number of particles all go into the same quantum state. It has been known for some time that this phenomenon gives rise to superfluidity in liquid helium but recent research has focused on the search for BEC in other condensed matter systems, such as excitons, spin-polarised hydrogen, laser-cooled atoms, high-temperature superconductors and subatomic matter. This unique book gives an in-depth report on progress in this field and suggests promising research topics for the future. It will be of interest to graduate students and research workers in condensed matter, low temperature, atomic and laser physics.
Bose–Einstein condensation in a gas has now been achieved. Atoms are cooled to the point of condensation using laser cooling and trapping, followed by magnetic trapping and evaporative cooling. These techniques are explained, as well as the techniques by which we observe the cold atom samples. Three different signatures of Bose–Einstein condensation are described. A number of properties of the condensate, including collective excitations, distortions of the wave function by interactions, and the fraction of atoms in the condensate versus temperature, have also been measured.
Laser radiations are used to slow down atoms by the process o f momentum transfer.This leads to reducing the temperature to microkclvin region.Gas phase atoms are trapped by using magnetic fields.The recent advances have led to the realization of the dream of physicists o f confining the atoms and reducing their velocities to the limit imposed by quantum mechanics.A number of new experiments arc possible with the cooled and trapped atoms and ions that would be useful to solve many problems of theoretical physics. 1 unher cooling by the process o f evaporative technique has led to the observation of Bose-Hinslcin Condensation predicted by Einstein and Rose nearly seventy-five years ago.A brief review of the method of laser cooling, magnetic trapping and evaporative cooling methods used for obtaining ultracold atoms are discussed It is possible to obtain temperature in the nanokelvin region without using cryogenic methods thus simplifying the experimental methods to a great extent.