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Progress of Theoretical Physics

The 1/n Expansion for the n-Vector Model in the Semi-Infinite Space

Kaoru Ohno, Yutaka Okabe

Published Nov 1, 1983• 39 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The 1/n expansion method is developed in the study of the critical behavior of the n-vector model with a free surface. The method is applied at the bulk critical temperature (T = Tc) in the absence of the surface ordering. The surface critical exponents η;// and η;⊥ are identified up to order 1/n for general spatial dimension d: 2 ≪ d ≪ 4 for the ordinary transition and 3 ≪ d ≪4 for the special transition. The results are compared with several scaling relations, other theories and some experiments.

DOI
10.1143/ptp.70.1226

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The 1/n expansion method is developed in the study of the critical behavior of the n-vector model with a free surface. The method is applied at the bulk critical temperature (T = Tc) in the absence of the surface ordering. The surface critical exponents η;// and η;⊥ are identified up to order 1/n for general spatial dimension d: 2 ≪ d ≪ 4 for the ordinary transition and 3 ≪ d ≪4 for the special transition. The results are compared with several scaling relations, other theories and some experiments.
The critical behavior at the extraordinary transition of classical n-vector model on semi-infinite lattice is analyzed in the 1/n expansion scheme for arbitrary spatial dimensions 2≪d≪4. Due to pre-existing surface orderings, the analysis at the extraordinary transition is somewhat analogous to that of bulk systems at T≪Tc. We show that the transverse correlation function has no anomolous dimension caused by the surface, i.e., η//T=d and η⊥T=(d+η)/2 to all orders in 1/n, where η is the bulk exponent. On the other hand, for the longitudinal correlation function, the relations η//L=d+2 and η⊥L=(d+2)/2 are shown to hold in the large n limit.
We calculate the surface critical exponents of the ordinary transition occurring in semi-infinite, quenched dilute Ising-like systems. This is done by applying the field theoretic approach directly in d=3 dimensions up to the two-loop approximation as well as in 4-epsilon dimensions. At d=4-epsilon we extend, up to the next-to-leading order, the previous first-order results of the square root of epsilon expansion by Ohno and Okabe [Phys. Rev. B 46, 5917 (1992)]. In both cases numerical estimates for surface exponents are computed using Padé approximants extrapolating the perturbation theory expansions. The obtained results indicate that the critical behavior of semi-infinite systems with quenched bulk disorder is characterized by the new set of surface critical exponents.
The critical behavior of a semi-infinite nnn-vector model in $4\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ dimensions near the special transition is studied. The renormalization of the relevant surface operators is discussed and explicitly carried out in two-loop order. It is found that the crossover exponent ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{s}$ related to the square of the order parameter in the surface does not satisfy the relation ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{s}=1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\nu}$ due to Bray and Moore.
The critical behaviour of a semi-infinite system with O(n) spin symmetry is investigated using four techniques: (i) mean-field theory, (ii) exact solution for n= infinity , (iii) the epsilon expansion, and (iv) scaling arguments. The surface equation of state is computed using mean-field theory, and the four phase transitions defined by Lubensky and Rubin, the 'ordinary', 'surface', 'extraordinary', and ' lambda = infinity ' ('special') transitions, are identified. The first three may be observed in the bulk system by adding a suitable 'surface' perturbation which destroys translational invariance. Scaling arguments give their critical exponents exactly in terms of bulk exponents. Critical exponents for the ' lambda = infinity ' transition are determined for n= infinity and also to O( epsilon ). Spin-spin correlation functions at T=T c for the 'ordinary', 'extraordinary' and ' lambda = infinity ' transitions are calculated exactly for n= infinity .
The critical behavior of semi-infinite systems in fixed dimensions d<4d<4d<4 is investigated theoretically. The appropriate extension of Parisi's massive field theory approach is presented. Two-loop calculations and subsequent Pad\'e-Borel analyses of surface critical exponents of the special and ordinary phase transitions yield estimates in reasonable agreement with recent Monte Carlo results. This includes the crossover exponent $\ensuremath{\Phi}(d=3)$, for which we obtain the values $\ensuremath{\Phi}(n=1)\ensuremath{\simeq}0.54$ and $\ensuremath{\Phi}(n=0)\ensuremath{\simeq}0.52$, considerably lower than the previous $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$-expansion estimates.