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The Journal of Chemical Physics

Solution of Plane Ising Lattices by the Pfaffian Method

C. A. Hurst

Published May 15, 1963• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The partition function for the Ising problem for a general class of plane lattices is evaluated exactly using the Pfaffian method. A classification of plane lattices in terms of basic lattices with vertices decorated by sublattices is given, and the most general class which can be solved by the Pfaffian method described. The solutions given in this paper are for the special case when neighbouring lattice points of a basic rectangular lattice are connected by single bonds only. All of the exact solutions known so far are obtained as special cases. The critical points are defined as singularities of an analytic function and equations to determine their location are found. The derivatives of the partition function are evaluated in terms of elliptic integrals.

DOI
10.1063/1.1733541

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The partition function for the Ising problem for a general class of plane lattices is evaluated exactly using the Pfaffian method. A classification of plane lattices in terms of basic lattices with vertices decorated by sublattices is given, and the most general class which can be solved by the Pfaffian method described. The solutions given in this paper are for the special case when neighbouring lattice points of a basic rectangular lattice are connected by single bonds only. All of the exact solutions known so far are obtained as special cases. The critical points are defined as singularities of an analytic function and equations to determine their location are found. The derivatives of the partition function are evaluated in terms of elliptic integrals.
The partition functions of many lattice statistical problems, such as the Ising models, the dimer model, and the ferroelectric model, have been written in the following general form:[Formula: see text]For models that can be solved by the pfaffian technique, H(j) is a quadratic function of fermion operators, but otherwise H(j) also contains quartic functions of fermion operators, making the above expression intractable to exact evaluation. General field theoretical perturbation methods, such as the Green's function techniques and the diagonalization (by a Fourier transformation) of the Hamiltonian, Ho(j), are developed in relation to the above expression. It is shown that the partition function for unsolved problems can be expressed in terms of an "irreducible vertex part" for which low-order approximations can be obtained. This general formalism is applied to the next-nearest neighbor two-dimensional Ising lattice. A first-order approximation is obtained for the irreducible vertex part, and the critical properties are obtained. For the equivalent-neighbor model, the critical temperature obtained is in excellent agreement with the series expansion results, being only 0.4 % higher.
The square lattice Ising model under the Brascamp-Kunz boundary conditions is a well-known exactly solvable lattice model. The exact solution of this system has been derived within the framework of Pfaffian-type method. In this paper, we provide a derivation for the solution by the Schultz-Mattis-Lieb method in the transfer matrix formalism. We set special interactions on the boundaries and take certain limit of these interactions, so that the system under the Brascamp-Kunz boundary conditions is transformed into another system under the toroidal boundary conditions. The Schultz-Mattis-Lieb method is applied to the mapping system and the partition function is exactly solved in the fermionic representation. The Fisher zeros are analytically calculated and the physical critical point is identified. We also discuss the difference between the transfer matrix approaches to the Brascamp-Kunz and to the toroidal boundary conditions. Our work introduces a member to the family of transfer-matrix-based studies for Ising model under various boundary conditions.