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Physical Review Letters

Experimental Observation of Berry's Phase of the Lorentz Group

Henrik Svensmark, P. Dimon

Published Dec 19, 1994• 19 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Berry's phase of the Lorentz group has been measured in a system of connected nonlinear electronic oscillators. Each oscillator was driven so that it was in the vicinity of a period-doubling bifurcation where the response to a small perturbation transforms similarly to a Lorentz boost of a spinor. By connecting the output of one oscillator to the input of the next, it was possible to make a closed loop on a hyperboloid (the invariant surface of the Lorentz group), the enclosed area of which is Berry's phase. Good agreement between theory and experiment is found.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.73.3387

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Berry's phase of the Lorentz group has been measured in a system of connected nonlinear electronic oscillators. Each oscillator was driven so that it was in the vicinity of a period-doubling bifurcation where the response to a small perturbation transforms similarly to a Lorentz boost of a spinor. By connecting the output of one oscillator to the input of the next, it was possible to make a closed loop on a hyperboloid (the invariant surface of the Lorentz group), the enclosed area of which is Berry's phase. Good agreement between theory and experiment is found.
The Berry phases most often observed in experiments are produced by rotations. Berry phases produced by Lorentz transformations are almost as simple mathematically. They have been discussed at length, but there has been no suggestion of observing them in an experiment. Indeed, it has been shown that in one context they can be removed by a canonical transformation; thus they appear to be a property of the mathematical description that could not be observed physically. Here we show that the essential element of these Berry phases could be observed as a change of phase of the electromagnetic field in squeezed states of light or microwaves, as could be produced by degenerate parametric amplifiers. It could be seen as a fringe shift in interference experiments. In this way, a physical effect of the squeezing could be measured without measuring anything like photon statistics or noise.
Berry phases for spin are defined for any closed loop made by a vector changing direction in three-dimensional space. A sequence of rotations moves the vector along the loop. Each rotation is around the axis perpendicular to the moving vector. The Berry phases come from the eigenvalues of the unitary operator for the product of these rotations. The angle of the product rotation is shown to be the solid angle enclosed by the loop. The proof uses the ordinary language of quantum mechanics. The product is calculated from the commutation relations for spin. A general framework is set up to define Berry phases for other transformations and states like those for rotations and spin. The integral formula is derived. Alternatives for dynamics are shown to provide different applications and interpretations of the same mathematics. An example is used to show how one Hamiltonian may be simpler than others. Adiabatic evolution is obtained in the limit as a coupling constant goes to zero, so the adiabatic changes are made by a weak perturbation that acts over a long time. The Berry phase is the same whether the coupling constant is large or small. A rationale for the definition of Berry phases is obtained from any of the alternatives for dynamics. It is particularly clear in both the limit of adiabatic evolution, where the Hamiltonian does not contain the operator that generates Berry phases, and the opposite extreme where the Hamiltonian is the operator that generates Berry phases. The latter is illustrated with an example for spin. The general definition of Berry phases and the method of calculating them are illustrated by obtaining Berry phases from Lorentz transformations. They are similar to those obtained from rotations. A vector traces a loop on a unit hyperboloid instead of the unit sphere. In place of the solid angle, the Berry phases contain the analogous measure of the area enclosed by the loop on the hyperboloid. The sign is opposite what it is for rotations. The general definition is shown to fit any unitary representation of a semisimple Lie group. The complete set of commuting operators is chosen to contain a basis for a Cartan subalgebra of the Lie algebra of generators. If a sequence of transformations by unitary operators in the group representation takes each operator in the Cartan subalgebra around a loop in the Lie algebra back to the same operator, it can be made by unitary operators in the group representation that have all the properties required for the definition of Berry phases. The loops are made by vectors moving in a real space, the Lie algebra. The motion of the vectors must maintain the lengths and angles defined by the Cartan metric of the Lie algebra. The Berry phases are determined by one loop made by one suitably chosen operator from the Cartan subalgebra.
Berry connections are shown to be invariant under the action of symmetry groups on parameter space. This observation allows one to use the theory of invariant Yang-Mills potentials to evaluate these connections without computing the instantaneous energy eigenstates. Hamiltonians belonging to the algebra of a Lie group are examined in this light. They provide a wide class of systems admitting nontrivial adiabatic holonomy. The special case of the generalized harmonic oscillator is analyzed and the SO(2,1) invariance of the associated Berry connection is exhibited.