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Modern Physics from a to Z

James W. Rohlf, Peter J. Collings

Published Mar 1, 1994• 94 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Survey of Particles and Forces. Distribution Functions and kT. Planck's Constant. Special Relativity. Wave Properties of Particles and the Uncertainty Principle. Rutherford Scattering. The Schrodinger Equation. The Hydrogen Atom. Beyond the Hydrogen Atom. Molecules and Molecular Spectra. The Nucleus. Quantum Statistics. Masers and Lasers. Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors. Superconductivity. High-Energy Physics: The Gadgets. High-Energy Physics: Classification of the Particles. High-Energy Physics: Unification of the Forces. The Early Universe. Appendices. Answers to Selected Problems. Indexes.

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I. RELATIVITY. 1. The Space and Time of Relativity. 2. Relativistic Mechanics. II. QUANTUM MECHANICS. 3. Atoms. 4. Quantization of Light. 5. Quantization of Atomic Energy Levels. 6. Matter Waves. 7. The Schrodinger Equation in One Dimension. 8. The Three-Dimensional Schrodinger Equation. 9. Electron Spin. 10. Multielectron Atoms the Pauli Principle and the Periodic Table. 11. Atomic Transitions and Radiation. III. SYSTEMS WITH TWO OR MORE ATOMS. 12. Molecules. 13. Solids - Theory. 14. Solids - Applications. 15. Statistical Mechanics. IV. SUBATOMIC PHYSICS. 16. The Structure of Atomic Nuclei. 17. Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions. 18. Elementary Particles. APPENDIXES. A. Physical Constants. B. Useful Mathematical Relations. C. Alphabetical List of the Elements. D. Atomic and Nuclear Data. Suggestions for Further Reading. Picture Credits and References. Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems. Index.

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An easy-to-understand guide to the complex subject of quantum physics. Quantum physics is how scientists describe the world of the very small. For other people, however, the rules of quantum physics seem to violate all logic: How can a particle be in more than one place at the same time? How can it tunnel through an impenetrable barrier? How can a cat in a box be both alive and dead? This book explains the complexities of quantum physics in bite-sized "lessons" that make it clear and accessible to all readers. The sections and chapters are: 1. Atoms -- quantum; quantum physics in everyday life; the periodic table; atoms and nuclei; isotopes; hydrogen atom (energy levels and spectra) 2. Photons -- photoelectric effect; thermal emission and the Planck distribution; wave particle duality (Young's slit experiment) 3. Quantum devices -- superconductors; transistor, diode; light-emitting diode; laser 4. Spin -- spin; fermions; exclusion principle; Fermi Dirac distribution; Bose-Einstein statistics 5. Wave Mechanics -- Heisenberg uncertainty principle; wave functions; standing waves; wave particle duality 6. Subatomic Particles -- radioactivity; atomic particles; protons; neutrons; electrons 7. Particle Physics -- elementary particles; quarks; leptons; electron and electron neutrino; muon and muon neutrino; tauon and tau neutrino; bosons; photon; W and Z boson; gluon; Higgs boson; composite particles; hadrons; matter-anti-matter 8. Quantum Physics in Medicine and industry -- magnetic resonance imaging; superfluidity; cancer treatment by radiation 9. Into the Future -- quantum physics of space; quantum gravity; graviton; Hawking radiation (grand unified theory); dark matter; strings; dark energy. Throughout the book, there are timelines and profiles about the scientists who developed the theories and made important discoveries in quantum physics, including Dmitri Rutherford, Albert Einstein, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, William Shockley, Isama Akasaki, Stephen Hawking, Enrico Fermi, and Max Born.

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BRIEF REVIEW OF CLASSICAL THEORIES Harmonic Oscillator Boltzmann Transport Equation Maxwell's Equations MILESTONE DISCOVERIES AND OLD QUANTUM THEORY Blackbody Radiation and Quantum of Energy Specific Heat of Solids Photoelectric Effects Compton Scattering Duality of Matter Bohr?s H-Atom Theory SCHRODINGER EQUATION AND OPERATOR ALGEBRA Schrodinger Equation Momentum Eigenfunction and Fourier Series Hermitian Operator and Bra Ket Notations Orthgonality and Completeness of Eigenfunctions Basic Postulates of Quantum Mechanics Commutation Relations Conjugate Variables and Uncertainty Relation Operator Equation of Motion and Ehrenfest Theorem PARTICLE IN POTENTIAL WELL Infinite Square Well Potential Particle in 3-D Box Density of States: 1-D, 2-D and 3-D Particle in Quantum Well Particle in Delta Function Potential Well Quantum Well and Wire SCATTERING OF A PARTICLE AT 1-D POTENTIALS Scattering at Step Potential Scattering at Quantum Well TUNNELING AND ITS APPLICATIONS Tunneling across Square Potential Barrier Fowler-Nordheim and Direct Tunneling Resonant Tunneling The Applications of Tunneling PERIODIC POTENTIALS AND ENERGY BANDS 1-D Crystal and Kronig-Penny Model E-k Dispersion and Energy Bands Energy Bands and Resonant Tunneling THE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR Energy Eigenequation The Properties of Energy Eigenfunction The Operator Treatment THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM Angualr Momentum Operators Eigenfunctions and Spherical Harmonics THE HYDROGEN ATOM: THE SCHRODINGER TREATMENT Two-Body Central Force Problem The Hydrogen Atom The Atomic Orbital Virial Theorm and Doppler Shift SYSTEM OF IDENTICAL PARTICLES AND MANY-ELECTRON ATOMS Two Electron System Two Spin 1/2 System The Helium Atom The Periodic Table and the Structure of Atoms MOLECULES AND CHEMICAL BONDS The Ionized Hydrogen Molecule The Hydrogen Molecule Ionic Bond and Van der Waals Attraction THE PERTURBATION THEORY Time Independent Perturbation in Non-Degenerate Systems Time Dependent Perturbation Theory ATOM - FIELD INTERACTION Field Quantization Atom - Field Interaction Driven, Damped Two Level Atom INTERACTION BETWEEN EM WAVES AND OPTICAL MEDIA Attenuation and Dispersion of Waves Density Matrix and Ensemble Averaging Laser Devices QUANTUM STATISTICS General Background and Three Kinds of Particles Statistics for Distinguishable particles Statistics for Fermions and Fermi Distribution Function Statistics for Boson and Bose Einstein Distribution SEMICONDUCTOR STATISTICS Carrier Densities in Intrinsic Semiconductors Carrier Densities in Extrinsic Semiconductors Fermi Level in Extrinsic Semiconductors CHARGE TRANSPORT IN SEMICONDUCTORS Drift and Diffusion Currents Transport Coefficients Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Recombination and Generation Currents P-N JUNCTION DIODE The Junction Interface in Equilibrium The Junction Interface Under Bias The Diode I-V Applications of P-N Junction Diodes THE BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR: DEVICE PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY Bipolar Junction Transistor: Overview The Physics of Transistor Action Ebers Moll Equations Base Transit Time and Charge Control Model METAL OXIDE SILICON FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS (MOSFET) I: OVERVIEW OF DEVICE BEHAVIOR AND APPLICATIONS MOSFET: Overview Charge Control and Metal-Oxide-Silicon System NMOS I-V Applications of MOSFET METAL OXIDE SILICON FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS (MOSFET) II: DEVICE SCALING AND SCHOTTKY CONTACT Device Scaling: Physical issues and Limitations Metal - Semiconductor Contacts The I-V Behavior in Metal - Semiconductor Contacts

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The structure of matter : an introduction to quantum mechanics

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PREFACE PART I: THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER 1. THE MICROSCOPIC WORLD: ATOMS AND MOLECULES 1.1 Development of the Atomic Theory: Relative Atomic Weights 1.2 Atomic Magnitudes 1.3 The Charge-to-Mass Ratio of the Electron: Thomson's Method 1.4 The Charge of the Electron: Millikan's Method 1.5 Mass Spectrometry 1.6 The Atomic Mass Scale and the Mole 1.7 The Periodic Table 2. ORIGINS OF THE QUANTUM THEORY OF MATTER 2.1 The Franck-Hertz Experiment 2.2 The Photoelectric Effect 2.3 X-rays and Matter 2.4 The Emission Spectra of Atoms 2.5 The Nuclear Atom 2.6 The Problem of Black-Body Radiation 2.7 The Concept of Action 2.8 The Harmonic Oscillator 2.9 Action Quantized: The Heat Capacity of Solids 2.10 Some Orders of Magnitude 2.11 Bohr's Model of the Atom Appendix 2A: Rutherford Scattering 3. MATTER WAVES IN SIMPLE SYSTEMS 3.1 The de Broglie Hypothesis 3.2 The Nature of Waves 3.3 Dispersion Relations and Wave Equations: The Free Particle 3.4 Operators 3.5 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues 3.6 The Particle in a One-Dimensional Box 3.7 The Indeterminacy or Uncertainty Principle 3.8 Expectation Values Summary of Postulates 3.9 Particles in Two- and Three-Dimensional Boxes 3.10 Particles in Circular Boxes 3.11 Particles in Spherical Boxes 3.12 The Rigid Rotor Appendix 3A: More on Circular Coordinates and the Circular Box 4. PARTICLES IN VARYING POTENTIAL FIELDS TRANSITIONS 4.1 Finite Potential Barriers 4.2 The Quantum Mechanical Harmonic Oscillator 4.3 The Hydrogen Atom 4.4 The Shapes of Orbitals 4.5 Transitions between Energy Levels 5. THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS 5.1 Electron Spin Magnetic Phenomena 5.2 The Pauli Exclusion Principle the Aufbau Principle 5.3 Electronic Configurations of Atoms 5.4 Calculation of Atomic Structures 5.5 Atomic Structure and Periodic Behavior 5.6 Term Splitting and the Vector Model 5.7 Fine Structure and Spin-Orbit Interactions Appendix 5A: The Stern-Gerlach Experiment 6. THE CHEMICAL BOND IN THE SIMPLEST MOLECULES: H[2+ AND H[2 6.1 Bonding Forces between Atoms 6.2 The Simplest Molecule: The Hydrogen Molecule-Ion, H[2+ 6.3 H[2+: Molecular Orbitals and the LCAO Approximation 6.4 H[2+: Obtaining the Energy Curve 6.5 H[2+: Correlation of Orbitals Excited States 6.6 The H[2 Molecule: Simple MO Description 6.7 Symmetry Properties of Identical Particles 6.8 H[2: The Valence Bond Representation 6.9 H[2: Beyond the Simple MO and VB Approximations 6.10 H[2: Excited Electronic States Appendix 6A: Orthogonality Appendix 6B: Hermitian Operators 7. MORE ABOUT DIATOMIC MOLECULES 7.1 Vibrations of Diatomic Molecules 7.2 Rotations of Diatomic Molecules 7.3 Spectra of Diatomic Molecules 7.4 The Ionic Bond 7.5 Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules: Molecular Orbitals and Orbital Correlation 7.6 Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules: Aufbau Principle and Structure of First-Row Molecules 7.7 Introduction to Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules: Electronegativity 7.8 Bonding in LiH: Crossing and Noncrossing Potential Curves 7.9 Other First-Row Diatomic Hydrides 7.10 Isoelectronic and Other Series Appendix 7A: Perturbation Theory 8. TRIATOMIC MOLECULES 8.1 Electronic Structure and Geometry in the Simplest Cases: H[3 and H[3+ 8.2 Dihydrides: Introduction to the Water Molecule 8.3 Hybrid Orbitals 8.4 Delocalized Orbitals in H[2O: The General MO Method 8.5 Bonding in More Complex Triatomic Molecules 8.6 Normal Coordinates and Modes of Vibration 8.7 A Solvable Example: The Vibrational Modes of CO[2 8.8 Transitions and Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules: Rotations and Vibrations 8.9 Transitions and Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules: Magnetic Transitions 8.10 Transitions and Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules: Electronic Transitions 9. LARGER POLYATOMIC MOLECULES 9.1 Small Molecules 9.2 Catenated Carbon Compounds Transferability 9.3 Other Extended Structures 9.4 Some Steric Effects 9.5 Complex Ions and Other Coordination Compounds: Simple Polyhedra 9.6 Chirality and Optical Rotation 9.7 Chiral and Other Complex Ions 9.8 Magnetic Properties of Complexes 9.9 Electronic Structure of Complexes Appendix 9A: Schmidt Orthogonalization 10. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES 10.1 Long-Range Forces: Interactions between Charge Distributions 10.2 Empirical Intermolecular Potentials 10.3 Weakly Associated Molecules 11. THE STRUCTURE OF SOLIDS 11.1 Some General Properties of Solids 11.2 Space Lattices and Crystal Symmetry 11.3 X-ray Diffraction from Crystals: The Bragg Model 11.4 The Laue Model 11.5 Determination of Crystal Structures 11.6 Techniques of Diffraction 11.7 Molecular Crystals 11.8 Structures of Ionic Crystals 11.9 Binding Energy of Ionic Crystals 11.10 Covalent Solids 11.11 The Free-Electron Theory of Metals 11.12 The Band Theory of Solids 11.13 Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors 11.14 Other Forms of Condensed Matter APPENDICES I. Systems of Units II. Partial Derivatives III. Glossary of Symbols IV. Searching the Scientific Literature INDEX

Oxford University Press eBooks•Jan 1, 2002•5 citations
Survey of Particles and Forces. Distribution Functions and kT. Planck's Constant. Special Relativity. Wave Properties of Particles and the Uncertainty Principle. Rutherford Scattering. The Schrodinger Equation. The Hydrogen Atom. Beyond the Hydrogen Atom. Molecules and Molecular Spectra. The Nucleus. Quantum Statistics. Masers and Lasers. Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors. Superconductivity. High-Energy Physics: The Gadgets. High-Energy Physics: Classification of the Particles. High-Energy Physics: Unification of the Forces. The Early Universe. Appendices. Answers to Selected Problems. Indexes.
I. RELATIVITY. 1. The Space and Time of Relativity. 2. Relativistic Mechanics. II. QUANTUM MECHANICS. 3. Atoms. 4. Quantization of Light. 5. Quantization of Atomic Energy Levels. 6. Matter Waves. 7. The Schrodinger Equation in One Dimension. 8. The Three-Dimensional Schrodinger Equation. 9. Electron Spin. 10. Multielectron Atoms the Pauli Principle and the Periodic Table. 11. Atomic Transitions and Radiation. III. SYSTEMS WITH TWO OR MORE ATOMS. 12. Molecules. 13. Solids - Theory. 14. Solids - Applications. 15. Statistical Mechanics. IV. SUBATOMIC PHYSICS. 16. The Structure of Atomic Nuclei. 17. Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions. 18. Elementary Particles. APPENDIXES. A. Physical Constants. B. Useful Mathematical Relations. C. Alphabetical List of the Elements. D. Atomic and Nuclear Data. Suggestions for Further Reading. Picture Credits and References. Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems. Index.
An easy-to-understand guide to the complex subject of quantum physics. Quantum physics is how scientists describe the world of the very small. For other people, however, the rules of quantum physics seem to violate all logic: How can a particle be in more than one place at the same time? How can it tunnel through an impenetrable barrier? How can a cat in a box be both alive and dead? This book explains the complexities of quantum physics in bite-sized "lessons" that make it clear and accessible to all readers. The sections and chapters are: 1. Atoms -- quantum; quantum physics in everyday life; the periodic table; atoms and nuclei; isotopes; hydrogen atom (energy levels and spectra) 2. Photons -- photoelectric effect; thermal emission and the Planck distribution; wave particle duality (Young's slit experiment) 3. Quantum devices -- superconductors; transistor, diode; light-emitting diode; laser 4. Spin -- spin; fermions; exclusion principle; Fermi Dirac distribution; Bose-Einstein statistics 5. Wave Mechanics -- Heisenberg uncertainty principle; wave functions; standing waves; wave particle duality 6. Subatomic Particles -- radioactivity; atomic particles; protons; neutrons; electrons 7. Particle Physics -- elementary particles; quarks; leptons; electron and electron neutrino; muon and muon neutrino; tauon and tau neutrino; bosons; photon; W and Z boson; gluon; Higgs boson; composite particles; hadrons; matter-anti-matter 8. Quantum Physics in Medicine and industry -- magnetic resonance imaging; superfluidity; cancer treatment by radiation 9. Into the Future -- quantum physics of space; quantum gravity; graviton; Hawking radiation (grand unified theory); dark matter; strings; dark energy. Throughout the book, there are timelines and profiles about the scientists who developed the theories and made important discoveries in quantum physics, including Dmitri Rutherford, Albert Einstein, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, William Shockley, Isama Akasaki, Stephen Hawking, Enrico Fermi, and Max Born.
BRIEF REVIEW OF CLASSICAL THEORIES Harmonic Oscillator Boltzmann Transport Equation Maxwell's Equations MILESTONE DISCOVERIES AND OLD QUANTUM THEORY Blackbody Radiation and Quantum of Energy Specific Heat of Solids Photoelectric Effects Compton Scattering Duality of Matter Bohr?s H-Atom Theory SCHRODINGER EQUATION AND OPERATOR ALGEBRA Schrodinger Equation Momentum Eigenfunction and Fourier Series Hermitian Operator and Bra Ket Notations Orthgonality and Completeness of Eigenfunctions Basic Postulates of Quantum Mechanics Commutation Relations Conjugate Variables and Uncertainty Relation Operator Equation of Motion and Ehrenfest Theorem PARTICLE IN POTENTIAL WELL Infinite Square Well Potential Particle in 3-D Box Density of States: 1-D, 2-D and 3-D Particle in Quantum Well Particle in Delta Function Potential Well Quantum Well and Wire SCATTERING OF A PARTICLE AT 1-D POTENTIALS Scattering at Step Potential Scattering at Quantum Well TUNNELING AND ITS APPLICATIONS Tunneling across Square Potential Barrier Fowler-Nordheim and Direct Tunneling Resonant Tunneling The Applications of Tunneling PERIODIC POTENTIALS AND ENERGY BANDS 1-D Crystal and Kronig-Penny Model E-k Dispersion and Energy Bands Energy Bands and Resonant Tunneling THE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR Energy Eigenequation The Properties of Energy Eigenfunction The Operator Treatment THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM Angualr Momentum Operators Eigenfunctions and Spherical Harmonics THE HYDROGEN ATOM: THE SCHRODINGER TREATMENT Two-Body Central Force Problem The Hydrogen Atom The Atomic Orbital Virial Theorm and Doppler Shift SYSTEM OF IDENTICAL PARTICLES AND MANY-ELECTRON ATOMS Two Electron System Two Spin 1/2 System The Helium Atom The Periodic Table and the Structure of Atoms MOLECULES AND CHEMICAL BONDS The Ionized Hydrogen Molecule The Hydrogen Molecule Ionic Bond and Van der Waals Attraction THE PERTURBATION THEORY Time Independent Perturbation in Non-Degenerate Systems Time Dependent Perturbation Theory ATOM - FIELD INTERACTION Field Quantization Atom - Field Interaction Driven, Damped Two Level Atom INTERACTION BETWEEN EM WAVES AND OPTICAL MEDIA Attenuation and Dispersion of Waves Density Matrix and Ensemble Averaging Laser Devices QUANTUM STATISTICS General Background and Three Kinds of Particles Statistics for Distinguishable particles Statistics for Fermions and Fermi Distribution Function Statistics for Boson and Bose Einstein Distribution SEMICONDUCTOR STATISTICS Carrier Densities in Intrinsic Semiconductors Carrier Densities in Extrinsic Semiconductors Fermi Level in Extrinsic Semiconductors CHARGE TRANSPORT IN SEMICONDUCTORS Drift and Diffusion Currents Transport Coefficients Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Recombination and Generation Currents P-N JUNCTION DIODE The Junction Interface in Equilibrium The Junction Interface Under Bias The Diode I-V Applications of P-N Junction Diodes THE BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR: DEVICE PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY Bipolar Junction Transistor: Overview The Physics of Transistor Action Ebers Moll Equations Base Transit Time and Charge Control Model METAL OXIDE SILICON FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS (MOSFET) I: OVERVIEW OF DEVICE BEHAVIOR AND APPLICATIONS MOSFET: Overview Charge Control and Metal-Oxide-Silicon System NMOS I-V Applications of MOSFET METAL OXIDE SILICON FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS (MOSFET) II: DEVICE SCALING AND SCHOTTKY CONTACT Device Scaling: Physical issues and Limitations Metal - Semiconductor Contacts The I-V Behavior in Metal - Semiconductor Contacts
PREFACE PART I: THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER 1. THE MICROSCOPIC WORLD: ATOMS AND MOLECULES 1.1 Development of the Atomic Theory: Relative Atomic Weights 1.2 Atomic Magnitudes 1.3 The Charge-to-Mass Ratio of the Electron: Thomson's Method 1.4 The Charge of the Electron: Millikan's Method 1.5 Mass Spectrometry 1.6 The Atomic Mass Scale and the Mole 1.7 The Periodic Table 2. ORIGINS OF THE QUANTUM THEORY OF MATTER 2.1 The Franck-Hertz Experiment 2.2 The Photoelectric Effect 2.3 X-rays and Matter 2.4 The Emission Spectra of Atoms 2.5 The Nuclear Atom 2.6 The Problem of Black-Body Radiation 2.7 The Concept of Action 2.8 The Harmonic Oscillator 2.9 Action Quantized: The Heat Capacity of Solids 2.10 Some Orders of Magnitude 2.11 Bohr's Model of the Atom Appendix 2A: Rutherford Scattering 3. MATTER WAVES IN SIMPLE SYSTEMS 3.1 The de Broglie Hypothesis 3.2 The Nature of Waves 3.3 Dispersion Relations and Wave Equations: The Free Particle 3.4 Operators 3.5 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues 3.6 The Particle in a One-Dimensional Box 3.7 The Indeterminacy or Uncertainty Principle 3.8 Expectation Values Summary of Postulates 3.9 Particles in Two- and Three-Dimensional Boxes 3.10 Particles in Circular Boxes 3.11 Particles in Spherical Boxes 3.12 The Rigid Rotor Appendix 3A: More on Circular Coordinates and the Circular Box 4. PARTICLES IN VARYING POTENTIAL FIELDS TRANSITIONS 4.1 Finite Potential Barriers 4.2 The Quantum Mechanical Harmonic Oscillator 4.3 The Hydrogen Atom 4.4 The Shapes of Orbitals 4.5 Transitions between Energy Levels 5. THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS 5.1 Electron Spin Magnetic Phenomena 5.2 The Pauli Exclusion Principle the Aufbau Principle 5.3 Electronic Configurations of Atoms 5.4 Calculation of Atomic Structures 5.5 Atomic Structure and Periodic Behavior 5.6 Term Splitting and the Vector Model 5.7 Fine Structure and Spin-Orbit Interactions Appendix 5A: The Stern-Gerlach Experiment 6. THE CHEMICAL BOND IN THE SIMPLEST MOLECULES: H[2+ AND H[2 6.1 Bonding Forces between Atoms 6.2 The Simplest Molecule: The Hydrogen Molecule-Ion, H[2+ 6.3 H[2+: Molecular Orbitals and the LCAO Approximation 6.4 H[2+: Obtaining the Energy Curve 6.5 H[2+: Correlation of Orbitals Excited States 6.6 The H[2 Molecule: Simple MO Description 6.7 Symmetry Properties of Identical Particles 6.8 H[2: The Valence Bond Representation 6.9 H[2: Beyond the Simple MO and VB Approximations 6.10 H[2: Excited Electronic States Appendix 6A: Orthogonality Appendix 6B: Hermitian Operators 7. MORE ABOUT DIATOMIC MOLECULES 7.1 Vibrations of Diatomic Molecules 7.2 Rotations of Diatomic Molecules 7.3 Spectra of Diatomic Molecules 7.4 The Ionic Bond 7.5 Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules: Molecular Orbitals and Orbital Correlation 7.6 Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules: Aufbau Principle and Structure of First-Row Molecules 7.7 Introduction to Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules: Electronegativity 7.8 Bonding in LiH: Crossing and Noncrossing Potential Curves 7.9 Other First-Row Diatomic Hydrides 7.10 Isoelectronic and Other Series Appendix 7A: Perturbation Theory 8. TRIATOMIC MOLECULES 8.1 Electronic Structure and Geometry in the Simplest Cases: H[3 and H[3+ 8.2 Dihydrides: Introduction to the Water Molecule 8.3 Hybrid Orbitals 8.4 Delocalized Orbitals in H[2O: The General MO Method 8.5 Bonding in More Complex Triatomic Molecules 8.6 Normal Coordinates and Modes of Vibration 8.7 A Solvable Example: The Vibrational Modes of CO[2 8.8 Transitions and Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules: Rotations and Vibrations 8.9 Transitions and Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules: Magnetic Transitions 8.10 Transitions and Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules: Electronic Transitions 9. LARGER POLYATOMIC MOLECULES 9.1 Small Molecules 9.2 Catenated Carbon Compounds Transferability 9.3 Other Extended Structures 9.4 Some Steric Effects 9.5 Complex Ions and Other Coordination Compounds: Simple Polyhedra 9.6 Chirality and Optical Rotation 9.7 Chiral and Other Complex Ions 9.8 Magnetic Properties of Complexes 9.9 Electronic Structure of Complexes Appendix 9A: Schmidt Orthogonalization 10. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES 10.1 Long-Range Forces: Interactions between Charge Distributions 10.2 Empirical Intermolecular Potentials 10.3 Weakly Associated Molecules 11. THE STRUCTURE OF SOLIDS 11.1 Some General Properties of Solids 11.2 Space Lattices and Crystal Symmetry 11.3 X-ray Diffraction from Crystals: The Bragg Model 11.4 The Laue Model 11.5 Determination of Crystal Structures 11.6 Techniques of Diffraction 11.7 Molecular Crystals 11.8 Structures of Ionic Crystals 11.9 Binding Energy of Ionic Crystals 11.10 Covalent Solids 11.11 The Free-Electron Theory of Metals 11.12 The Band Theory of Solids 11.13 Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors 11.14 Other Forms of Condensed Matter APPENDICES I. Systems of Units II. Partial Derivatives III. Glossary of Symbols IV. Searching the Scientific Literature INDEX