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Journal of Physics B Atomic and Molecular Physics

Laser-induced population trapping and higher-order Zeeman coherences in the neon 2p5to 1s5(J = 1 to J = 2) transition

Russell McLean, R. J. Ballagh, D. M. Warrington

Published Nov 14, 1986• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Laser-induced Zeeman coherences and non-linear processes in the neon 2p 5 (J = 1) to 1s 5 (J = 2) transition have been studied experimentally and theoretically. By varying the observation geometry and choice of polarisation, the fluorescence observed in the 2p 5 to 1s 3 (J = 0) transition becomes sensitive to different processes within the atom. A detailed theoretical treatment enables profiles to be matched to the experiment using an appropriate choice of parameters. Moreover, analysis of the equations of motion for the system allows the origins of the various features of the fluorescence profiles to be precisely identified in terms of the generation of higher-order Zeeman coherences in the 1s 5 level and coherent trapping of part of the atomic population there. The population trapping can be interpreted and analysed, for a particular choice of geometry, in terms of simpler subsystems of the full transition.

DOI
10.1088/0022-3700/19/21/014

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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics•Dec 14, 1997•1 citation
Laser-induced Zeeman coherences and non-linear processes in the neon 2p 5 (J = 1) to 1s 5 (J = 2) transition have been studied experimentally and theoretically. By varying the observation geometry and choice of polarisation, the fluorescence observed in the 2p 5 to 1s 3 (J = 0) transition becomes sensitive to different processes within the atom. A detailed theoretical treatment enables profiles to be matched to the experiment using an appropriate choice of parameters. Moreover, analysis of the equations of motion for the system allows the origins of the various features of the fluorescence profiles to be precisely identified in terms of the generation of higher-order Zeeman coherences in the 1s 5 level and coherent trapping of part of the atomic population there. The population trapping can be interpreted and analysed, for a particular choice of geometry, in terms of simpler subsystems of the full transition.
The fluorescence observed when a single-mode laser drives the 2p 3 (J=0) to 1s 4 (J=1) neon transition displays a narrow minimum as an applied magnetic field is varied. A detailed theoretical analysis of the system confirms that this resonance is due to the formation of a Zeeman coherence in the lower level which traps the population there. The dominant contribution to the population trapping comes from the atomic velocity classes for which the atom-laser detuning is close to zero, and for the case of exact resonance analytic expressions are obtained for dip width and depth. A broad minimum which also appears in the profile is shown to originate from incoherent processes in the atomic ensemble.
The polarisation properties of the single mode linearly polarised laser beam interaction with a Doppler broadened absorber has been investigated. The absorber is placed in a longitudinal tunable magnetic field. The laser beam is analysed with a polariser after it has traversed the absorber. With various analyser rotation angles the lineshapes of the nonlinear resonances known as the population effect and the Zeeman coherence effect have been studied near zero magnetic field tuning. Theoretical predictions derived from the semi-classical laser theory are compared with experimental results. The experiment has been carried out with a low power thermally stabilised 633 nm He-He laser. The measured lineshapes of the resonances of the 2 p 4 -3 s 2 transition in neon agree well with the theoretical predictions. By using an analyser in the beam an improved signal-to-noise ratio is shown to result.
Level-crossing effects have been detected non-optically with the use of a Rabi-type atomic-beam method. The sodium beam was excited by intense linearly polarised radiation from a CW narrow-band dye laser. Several superimposed resonances were observed in the atomic-beam signal when scanning the magnetic field around zero. The two narrower resonances are interpreted as high-order non-linear effects. They arise from the coupling of laser-induced Zeeman coherences in the ground state (including a hexa-decapole moment) with the populations of the Zeeman sublevels.
The forward-scattered light observed when a single-mode dye laser interacts with the three neon transitions 1 s 5 ( J = 2)-2 p s ( J = 2), 1s 3 ( J = 0)-2 p 5 ( J = 1), and 1 s 4 ( J = 1)-2 p 7 ( J = 1) has been investigated as an applied longitudinal magnetic field is varied. The 1 s 5 and the 1 s 3 states are metastable. This condition allows a comparison of the spectra for the cases 1 s 5 ( J = 2)-2 p 8 ( J = 2) and 1 s 3 ( J = 0)-2 p 5 ( J = 1) in order to discuss whether the complex line shapes obtained for the J = 2 to J = 2 atomic system are due to higher-order coherences or whether they originate from coherences between m = ±1 states. Experimental and calculated line shapes are presented. The calculations have been performed with the use of a semiclassical model for the light/matter interaction. A J = 0 to J = 1 (or a J = 1 to J = 1) model reproduces the overall shapes of the recorded spectra for all three transitions. The results show that, even when laser beam spatial effects and the sample isotopic effects are taken into account, interpretations of forward-scattering spectra in order to determine atomic parameters can reliably be done for simple J = 0 to J = 1 systems only.
Laser-induced fluorescence experiments carried out using linearly polarized photons from a pulsed laser on a excitation - detection scheme in electrical discharges at 0.04 - 0.6 Torr, show that light emitted during the interaction and in the subsequent decay manifests anisotropy in its angular distribution and polarization. A rate equation approach is used to discuss the general features of the interaction between polarized light and atoms observed experimentally. The incident electromagnetic field is decomposed into multipolar components that may interact with the atom through an appropriate coupling. Defining the Einstein coefficients for each coupling, it is possible to introduce the equations for the dynamics of the atomic populations. For each direction and polarization, the temporal profile of the intensity during the transition is calculated. The theoretical prediction explains the outcome of the He experiment satisfactorily, providing that the role of the quenching and of the collision mixing within the manifold of the state is duly taken into account. Fitting of the model calculations to the experimental data then allows one to deduce the value of the `thermally averaged' cross section for collision-induced transitions between fine-structure and degenerate components of the sublevel, , for each J,M in the manifold.