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AIP conference proceedings

Spectroscopy and Quantum Optics with Stored Ions

R. Blatt, David J. Wineland, Carl Wieman, Stephen J. Smith

Published Jan 1, 1994• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

New developments in spectroscopy and quantum optics with stored ions are summarized and discussed. Currently used ion trap devices are briefly described, and newly proposed cooling techniques are indicated. Recent results in precision spectroscopy are reviewed with particular emphasis on time and frequency standards. New applications of stored ions in the field of quantum optics are proposed such as the preparation of nonclassical states of motion in an ion trap. These can be detected by observation of the quantum collapse and revival phenomenon.

DOI
10.1063/1.2946008

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New developments in spectroscopy and quantum optics with stored ions are summarized and discussed. Currently used ion trap devices are briefly described, and newly proposed cooling techniques are indicated. Recent results in precision spectroscopy are reviewed with particular emphasis on time and frequency standards. New applications of stored ions in the field of quantum optics are proposed such as the preparation of nonclassical states of motion in an ion trap. These can be detected by observation of the quantum collapse and revival phenomenon.
Trapped and laser-cooled ions are increasingly used for a variety of modern high-precision experiments, for frequency standard applications, and for quantum information processing. Therefore laser cooling of trapped ions is reviewed, the current state of the art is reported, and several new cooling techniques are outlined. The principles of ion trapping and the basic concepts of laser cooling for trapped atoms are introduced. The underlying physical mechanisms are presented, and basic experiments are briefly sketched. Particular attention is paid to recent progress by elucidating several milestone experiments. In addition, a number of special cooling techniques pertaining to trapped ions are reviewed; open questions and future research lines are indicated.
In an iontrap,laser-cooled ions can be confined in a small space in an ultra-high vacuum so that collisions rarely happen and the ions are well isolated from the environment. Since these conditions enable high-resolution spectroscopy of single ions, laser-cooled ions are suitable for use in developing frequency standards. The ions can be cooled to the motional ground state to give a well-defined initial quantum state for quantum state manipulation and quantum computing. In this review, principles of ion traps and laser cooling, and recent progress in optical frequency standards and quantum computing with trapped ions are described.
A review is given of the use of trapped atomic ions for spectroscopy and for quantum optics. The article discusses the principles of operation of the different types of traps, and their advantages for work in these fields, including the use of laser cooling of trapped ions. Aspects of laser cooling are demonstrated with the help of a numerical simulation program. Then the use of spectroscopic techniques to study the oscillation frequencies of trapped ions is discussed. Finally a number of different experiments illustrating the application of trapped ions to quantum optics are presented.
A single ion trapped in a harmonic potential and laser cooled at the node of a standing wave can be described in terms of the Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian known in quantum optics. Similar to nonclassical states of light we propose to prepare nonclassical states of the ion motion in a harmonic trap. In particular, several schemes for the preparation of Fock states are presented, and techniques for the preparation of squeezed states and coherent states of the ion motion are indicated. For an observation of these nonclassical states we propose to measure quantum collapse and revival in the population inversion of a single trapped ion.
Examples of recent experiments are presented which show characteristic features associated with the technique of ion trapping: Ultrahigh resolution in hyperfine spectroscopy due to long coherence time, lifetime measurements for very long living states and rare isotope investigation due to the high sensitivity of optical detection of stored ions. The possibility of experiments of fundamental quantum mechanical interest will be pointed out. In addition a few open questions associated with the behaviour of large ion clouds, which might influence the precision of future experiments, will be discussed.
Quantum mechanical effects which are manifested in measurements on trapped atomic ions are reviewed. Observation of these effects is facilitated by the long storage times of a fixed number of laser-cooled ions and by high detection sensitivities, primarily through the observation of scattered laser light. We discuss the observation of quantum jumps and the application of quantum jumps to measurement of atomic ion lifetimes and spectra, detection of antibunching of light, the quantum Zeno effect and quantum projection noise. Experiments which detect nonclassical features of fluorescent light from single or a few trapped ions are briefly reviewed. Finally, we discuss experiments which reveal quantum effects in the motion of trapped ions. We briefly describe possible future extensions for each of these topics.