Optics Communications

Selection rule violation, anisotropy, and anomalous intensity of two-photon absorption lines in Gd3+:LaF3

M. C. Downer, Albert Bivas, N. Bloembergen

Published May 1, 1982• 65 citations

Publisher

DOI: 10.1016/0030-4018(82)90408-4

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Paper 4.4: M.C. Downer, A. Bivas and N. Bloembergen, “Selection rule violation, anistropy and anomalous intensity of two-photon absorption lines in Gd 3+: LaF 3,” Optics Comm. 41, 335–340, 1982.

World Scientific series in 20th century physicsSep 1, 19960 citations

Optics Communications

Selection rule violation, anisotropy, and anomalous intensity of two-photon absorption lines in Gd3+:LaF3

M. C. Downer, Albert Bivas, N. Bloembergen

Published May 1, 1982• 65 citations

Publisher

DOI: 10.1016/0030-4018(82)90408-4

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Journal of LuminescenceJan 1, 19919 citations

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IEICE Technical Report; IEICE Tech. Rep.May 12, 20050 citations

Narrowing and locking of the emission spectrum of a broadband laser to one-photon and two-photon absorption lines of a medium with photoinduced anisotropy

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Third- and fourth-order analysis of the intensities and polarization dependence of two-photon absorption lines of Gd3+ in La F3 and aqueous solution

M. C. Downer, Albert Bivas

A comprehensive report and analysis of our observations of numerous parity-allowed direct two-photon transitions within the $4{f}^{7}$ configuration of the ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ ion is presented. The experimental technique is ultraviolet fluorescence detection following optical excitation with a dye-laser beam. Previous results and analyses are extended in three ways. (1) The intensities and polarization dependence of individual Stark components, in addition to integrated multiplet intensities, are reported and analyzed for ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ :La ${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ . In those cases ($^{8}S_{\frac{7}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{6}P_{\frac{5}{2}},^{6}D_{\frac{9}{2},\frac{3}{2},\frac{5}{2}}$) where a second-order theory of two-photon absorption adequately explains the integrated intensity, it also (with the exception of $^{6}D_{\frac{9}{2}}$ ) explains the Stark-component intensities. The remaining transitions are anomalously strong, and in some cases violate the angular momentum selection rules $\ensuremath{\Delta}L,\ensuremath{\Delta}J\ensuremath{\le}2$ and exhibit strong anisotropies, in contradiction to the second-order theory. It is shown that introduction of third- and fourth-order contributions involving spin-orbit and/or crystal-field interactions among levels of the $4{f}^{6}5d$ configuration, which serve as intermediate states, can account for both the integrated and Stark-component intensities of these transitions. (2) The strong anisotropy observed for the transitions $^{8}S_{\frac{7}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{6}P_{\frac{3}{2}},^{6}I_{J},^{6}D_{\frac{1}{2}}$ in ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ :La ${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ is explained quantitatively as a polarization-dependent interference between contributions to the intensity which are comparable in magnitude. Interference is destructive for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{E}\ensuremath{\parallel}\stackrel{^}{z}$ and constructive for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{E}\ensuremath{\perp}\stackrel{^}{z}$, creating an order-of-magnitude contrast in the line strength for the two polarizations. (3) A two-photon excitation spectrum of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ in aqueous solution is reported. Linewidths comparable to those of room-temperature solids and Stark splittings which suggest a low-symmetry quasistatic environment are observed.A comprehensive report and analysis of our observations of numerous parity-allowed direct two-photon transitions within the $4{f}^{7}$ configuration of the ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ ion is presented. The experimental technique is ultraviolet fluorescence detection following optical excitation with a dye-laser beam. Previous results and analyses are extended in three ways. (1) The intensities and polarization dependence of individual Stark components, in addition to integrated multiplet intensities, are reported and analyzed for ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$:La${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$. In those cases ($^{8}S_{\frac{7}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{6}P_{\frac{5}{2}},^{6}D_{\frac{9}{2},\frac{3}{2},\frac{5}{2}}$) where a second-order theory of two-photon absorption adequately explains the integrated intensity, it also (with the exception of $^{6}D_{\frac{9}{2}}$) explains the Stark-component intensities. The remaining transitions are anomalously strong, and in some cases violate the angular momentum selection rules $\ensuremath{\Delta}L,\ensuremath{\Delta}J\ensuremath{\le}2$ and exhibit strong anisotropies, in contradiction to the second-order theory. It is shown that introduction of third- and fourth-order contributions involving spin-orbit and/or crystal-field interactions among levels of the $4{f}^{6}5d$ configuration, which serve as intermediate states, can account for both the integrated and Stark-component intensities of these transitions. (2) The strong anisotropy observed for the transitions $^{8}S_{\frac{7}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{6}P_{\frac{3}{2}},^{6}I_{J},^{6}D_{\frac{1}{2}}$ in ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$:La${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ is explained quantitatively as a polarization-dependent interference between contributions to the intensity which are comparable in magnitude. Interference is destructive for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{E}\ensuremath{\parallel}\stackrel{^}{z}$ and constructive for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{E}\ensuremath{\perp}\stackrel{^}{z}$, creating an order-of-magnitude contrast in the line strength for the two polarizations. (3) A two-photon excitation spectrum of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ in aqueous solution is reported. Linewidths comparable to those of room-temperature solids and Stark splittings which suggest a low-symmetry quasistatic environment are observed.

Physical review. B, Condensed matterOct 1, 1983127 citations

World Scientific series in 20th century physicsSep 1, 19960 citations

A comprehensive report and analysis of our observations of numerous parity-allowed direct two-photon transitions within the

4{f}^{7}

configuration of the

{\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}

ion is presented. The experimental technique is ultraviolet fluorescence detection following optical excitation with a dye-laser beam. Previous results and analyses are extended in three ways. (1) The intensities and polarization dependence of individual Stark components, in addition to integrated multiplet intensities, are reported and analyzed for

{\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}

:La

{\mathrm{F}}_{3}

. In those cases ($^{8}S_{\frac{7}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{6}P_{\frac{5}{2}},^{6}D_{\frac{9}{2},\frac{3}{2},\frac{5}{2}}$) where a second-order theory of two-photon absorption adequately explains the integrated intensity, it also (with the exception of

^{6}D_{\frac{9}{2}}

) explains the Stark-component intensities. The remaining transitions are anomalously strong, and in some cases violate the angular momentum selection rules $\ensuremath{\Delta}L,\ensuremath{\Delta}J\ensuremath{\le}2$ and exhibit strong anisotropies, in contradiction to the second-order theory. It is shown that introduction of third- and fourth-order contributions involving spin-orbit and/or crystal-field interactions among levels of the

4{f}^{6}5d

configuration, which serve as intermediate states, can account for both the integrated and Stark-component intensities of these transitions. (2) The strong anisotropy observed for the transitions $^{8}S_{\frac{7}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{6}P_{\frac{3}{2}},^{6}I_{J},^{6}D_{\frac{1}{2}}$ in

{\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}

:La

{\mathrm{F}}_{3}

is explained quantitatively as a polarization-dependent interference between contributions to the intensity which are comparable in magnitude. Interference is destructive for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{E}\ensuremath{\parallel}\stackrel{^}{z}$ and constructive for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{E}\ensuremath{\perp}\stackrel{^}{z}$, creating an order-of-magnitude contrast in the line strength for the two polarizations. (3) A two-photon excitation spectrum of

{\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}

in aqueous solution is reported. Linewidths comparable to those of room-temperature solids and Stark splittings which suggest a low-symmetry quasistatic environment are observed.