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Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Confining spin-polarized hydrogen in an azimuthal field

Carlos Alberto Condat

Published Feb 1, 1982• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A comprehensive discussion of the properties of atomic hydrogen polarized in the magnetic field generated by a current circulating in a superconducting wire is presented. The characteristics of the quantum states and the influence of the nonuniformity in the field are studied in detail. The total and superfluid density profiles are calculated and their main features discussed. The ideas developed here can also be applied to study the effects that other nonuniformities in the magnetic field have on atomic hydrogen.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.25.1550

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A comprehensive discussion of the properties of atomic hydrogen polarized in the magnetic field generated by a current circulating in a superconducting wire is presented. The characteristics of the quantum states and the influence of the nonuniformity in the field are studied in detail. The total and superfluid density profiles are calculated and their main features discussed. The ideas developed here can also be applied to study the effects that other nonuniformities in the magnetic field have on atomic hydrogen.
Atomic hydrogen (H) has recently been created in a long-lived state referred to as spin-polarized atomic hydrogen (H↓). A moderate density gas (n≃1017 atoms/ cc) has been produced at temperatures T≃400 mK. H↓ is predicted to be the only atomic substance that remains gaseous to T = 0 K; current experiments are consistent with this picture. Since the H↓ atoms behave as composite bosons the gas is expected to have a Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) and related superfluidity at a sufficiently high density or low temperature. H↓ is expected to display spectacular static and dynamic properties. Since the gas is polarized, the dominant electronic magnetization, M⃗e, is proportional to the atomic density. In an inhomogeneous magnetic field M⃗e will also be highly inhomogeneous. BEC will be spatially localized and the static M⃗e should be an identifying feature of this state. The low-lying excitation spectrum should not only feature electronic and nuclear spin-transitions, but should also have magnetic translational modes of the gas. The experimental technique for stabilization of H↓ as well as many of the predicted magnetic properties are discussed.
It is shown here that superfluids (such as 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He-AAA and Bose-condensed spin-polarized hydrogen) whose order parameters transform like an angular momentum eigenstate $|j, m\ensuremath{\ne}0〉$ will have similar superfluidity---similar Josephson and vorticity equations. In particular, if spin-polarized hydrogen condenses into the bbb state as currently believed, it will not have a stable superflow. Nonuniform magnetic fields can also induce in it a persistent current similar to that of 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He-AAA.
The weak magnetic polarization which a quantum vortex in a superfluid Bose liquid acquires as a result of the mutual electric polarization of atoms and the nonuniform distribution of the atomic density in its core is discussed. A rectilinear single-quantum vortex carries a magnetic moment directed along and proportional to the length of the vortex line. The magnetic moment density per unit length and the corresponding quantum of magnetic flux (vortex fluxoid) are directly related with the quantum circulation of the superfluid flow in the vortex. Numerical estimates of this effect are presented for vortices in He II.
A study is made of the electric polarization of quantized vortices in a superfluid Bose liquid and their interaction with electric field. Two types of vortex polarization are considered, both of which are due to the centrifugal forces exerted on the atoms of the liquid in their azimuthal motion around the vortex line. First, under the influence of these forces the atoms acquire dipole moments (inertial polarization in the absence of external field), and a nonuniform symmetric distribution of the polarization density arises around the vortex line. Here the vortex does not have an integral dipole moment, but each element of the vortex line possesses a quadrupole moment. Second, the centrifugal forces lead to a nonuniform distribution of the atomic density around the vortex line, and therefore the polarization density of the liquid in an external electric field is also nonuniform near the vortex line, and an individual element of the vortex line acquires an effective dipole moment proportional to the field (inductive polarization). Analytical expressions are obtained for the polarization density around rectilinear and ring-shaped vortex lines, and the effective dipole and quadrupole moments of such vortices are calculated. The distribution of ponderomotive forces acting on a superfluid liquid containing a quantized vortex in an electric field is analyzed, and the corrections to the vortex energy due to the field are found. Numerical estimates of these effects are made for the case of HeII.