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Physical Review A

Competition between electromagnetically induced transparency and stimulated Raman scattering

Ken-ichi Harada, Tatsuya Kanbashi, Masaharu Mitsunaga, Koji Motomura

Published Jan 9, 2006• 47 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We claim that the concept of electromagnetically induced transparency is only valid for low atomic densities, and for high densities stimulated Raman scattering is totally dominant, where the incident probe wave is not transmitted but is converted to the Stokes wave. This behavior can be explained by the large difference in linear absorption coefficients between the probe and the Stokes waves. We have verified this claim by the experiments using sodium atomic vapor samples with and without a buffer gas. Theoretical analyses using the Liouville-Maxwell equations and numerical simulations also supported our observations.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.73.013807

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We study how coherent Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering influence coherent population trapping. In an experiment using an atomic sodium vapor cell we observe induced transparency, induced absorption, and gain features, all of subnatural linewidth. The electromagnetically induced resonance is a peak or a dip depending on which side of the optical transition the fields are tuned to, and thus whether coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering or coherent Stokes Raman scattering is the dominant process.
In an ordinary electromagnetically-induced-transparency (EIT) experiment using a hot sodium vapor, we have observed a probe gain up to 32 in the presence of a coupling beam in an otherwise totally opaque (transmissivity $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$) situation, increasing the transmissivity by 6 orders of magnitude. This gain is attributable to parametric amplification (PA), accompanying the Stokes (or anti-Stokes) wave with similar output intensity, and is critically dependent upon the atomic density and the coupling beam power. Experimental and theoretical analyses have revealed that, while the EIT picture is valid for relatively low atomic densities, the PA picture becomes dominant for high atomic densities and high coupling powers. We have also found that the parametric coupling between the probe and Stokes waves can be nullified by the proper choice of the coupling detuning frequency, due to destructive interference of two elementary processes.
We have theoretically and experimentally investigated coherent pump-probe spectra for the 3S1/23{S}_{1/2}3S1/2​-3P1/23{P}_{1/2}3P1/2​ D1D1D1 transition of sodium atomic vapor. Probe transmission spectra in the presence of a coupling beam exhibit dramatic changes depending on experimental conditions. In the weak-excitation, low-atomic-density limit, the spectra are mainly characterized by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and saturated absorption, but for the strong-excitation, high-density case, parametric amplification (PA) is dominant, featuring high probe gain and Stokes-wave generation. We have developed a theory that can explain these two seemingly totally different phenomena (EIT and PA) within the same theoretical framework by manipulating a few experimentally controllable parameters, and have successfully reproduced the observed spectra. Other than the main spectral features, many other interesting physical processes have been predicted and observed.
We present a theoretical formulation of the competition between electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Raman processes. The latter become important when the medium can no longer be considered to be dilute. Unlike the standard formulation of EIT, we consider all fields applied and generated as interacting with both the transitions of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ scheme. We solve the Maxwell equations for the net generated field using a fast-Fourier-transform technique and obtain predictions for the probe, control, and Raman fields. We show how the intensity of the probe field is depleted at higher atomic number densities due to the buildup of multiple Raman fields. Furthermore, we find that the generated fields and the input fields acquire oscillatory behavior as a function of the density of the medium due to dynamical coupling of the various Raman processes.
We observe experimentally huge enhanced four-wave mixing based on Raman resonance in an 85Rb atomic vapor system. With the decrease of coupling field power or the increase of experimental temperature, the signal tends to be narrowed down in linewidth, and be basically the same spectrum as the stimulated Raman spectroscopy. It is found that the macroscopic polarization interference effect plays a crucial role in determining the nonlinear spectra. Further more, in the Doppler-broadened Λ-type energy level system, there is a strong relationship among electromagnetically induced transparency, four-wave mixing and stimulated Raman spectroscopy. The sharp transparent window in electromagnetically induced transparency can be interpreted as the suppression of Raman gain on the linear absorption of the probe field. However, the four-wave mixing signal is a new field generated by the atomic vapor system, and it comes from the Raman gain which is affected and modified by the absorption and dispersion of the nonlinear optical medium. It shows that in a Λ-type Doppler-broadened system, in essence, both the electromagnetically induced transparency and enhanced four-wave mixing stem from stimulated Raman scattering based on the third-order nonlinear processes, just the spectra of which are from different ways and objects of detection.