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Australian Journal of Physics

Reflection and Diffraction of Atomic de Broglie Waves by Evanescent Laser Waves–Bare-state Method

Xiao-Ping Feng, NS Witte, Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg, Geoffrey I. Opat

Published Aug 1, 1996• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present two results in an investigation of reflection and diffraction of atoms by gratings formed either by standing or travelling evanescent laser waves. Both results use the bare-state rather than dressed-state picture. One is based on the Born series, whereas the other is based on the Laplace transformation of the coupled differential equations. The two solutions yield the same theoretical expressions for reflected and diffracted atomic waves in the whole space, including the interaction and the asymptotic regions.

DOI
10.1071/ph960765

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We present two results in an investigation of reflection and diffraction of atoms by gratings formed either by standing or travelling evanescent laser waves. Both results use the bare-state rather than dressed-state picture. One is based on the Born series, whereas the other is based on the Laplace transformation of the coupled differential equations. The two solutions yield the same theoretical expressions for reflected and diffracted atomic waves in the whole space, including the interaction and the asymptotic regions.
The diffraction theory of a reflection grating for atoms based on a standing light wave is developed in a particular dressed-state approximation. The basis states take into account internal and external atomic degrees of freedom simultaneously and correspond to diffraction orders in the asymptotic region. In this basis the atom is described as an effective multilevel system. In an adiabatic approximation for the motion perpendicular to the grating, these levels serve as position-dependent potentials. An incoming de Broglie wave is coupled to higher diffraction orders by nonadiabatic transitions near avoided crossings of the potentials. Numerical results confirm the qualitative predictions following from the physical picture of the diffraction process and lead to an improved description of experiments.
The exact solution to the problem of reflection and diffraction of atomic de Broglie waves by a travelling evanescent wave is found starting with a bare-state formulation. The solution for the wavefunctions, the tunnelling losses and the non-adiabatic losses are given exactly in terms of hyper-Bessel functions, and are valid for all detuning and Rabi frequencies, thus generalizing previous approximate methods. Furthermore, we give the limiting cases of the amplitudes in the uniform semiclassical limit, which is valid in all regions including near the classical turning points, and in the large and weak coupling cases. Exact results for the zero detuning case are obtained in terms of Bessel functions. We find our uniform semiclassical limit to be closer to the exact result over the full range of parameter values than the previously reported calculations.
Realization of the analogues of optical components for the manipulation of atomic de Broglie waves has recently become possible through the use of laser-based techniques. The strong fields generated by laser light have already been used to reflect atoms using travelling evanescent waves, and to diffract atomic beams through small angles using transmission gratings formed by a standing laser light wave in vacuo. Present experiments aim to combine these techniques to produce a reflection diffraction grating formed by a standing evanescent laser-light field, and to exploit the larger diffraction angles made possible theoretically by such a scheme.
A detailed theoretical investigation of the reflection of an atomic de Broglie wave at an evanescent wave mirror is presented. The classical and the semiclassical descriptions of the reflection process are reviewed, and a full wave-mechanical approach based on the analytical soution of the corresponding Schrödinger equation is presented. The phase shift at reflection is calculated exactly and interpreted in terms of instantaneous reflection of the atom at an effective mirror. Besides the semiclassical regime of reflection describable by the WKB method, a pure quantum regime of reflection is identified in the limit where the incident de Broglie wavelength is large compared to the evanescent wave decay length.
Usually the reflection of two level atoms by a detuning evanescent laser wave was studied in past few years. In previous paper we have presented an exact solution for this model based on the matrix Laplace transformation technique, and proceeded the numerical calculations for a given set of parameters. However in the special case of resonance interaction considered in this paper, the solution for Schrödinger wave equation and reflectivity calculation can be greatly simplified; besides, the resonant solution provides a check to the numerical data based on the general solution of the previous paper.
In order to diffract atoms from an evanescent light reflection grating the Rabi frequency must be greater than the Doppler shift associated with the atomic velocity. For thermal atoms this cannot be achieved using dye lasers. Rather than slow the atoms we have produced a moving light grating and observe resonances in the reflectivity of the grating for certain grating velocities. The position of these resonances fulfils the Doppleron condition Δ’=nΔD’, which is consistent with a dressed state model for diffraction from such a grating.