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Chinese Physics Letters

Variational Approach for the Bose–Hubbard Model

Deshui Yu, Jingbiao Chen

Published May 1, 2008• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The phase diagram of the one-dimensional Bose–Hubbard model describing interacting bosons in optical lattice is investigated with the variational approach. This method can also be generalized to the two-dimensional case.
DOI
10.1088/0256-307x/25/5/073

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The ground state phase diagram of the one-dimensional Bose-Fermi Hubbard model is studied in the canonical ensemble using a quantum Monte Carlo method. We focus on the case where both species have half filling in order to maximize the pairing correlations between the bosons and the fermions. In case of equal hopping we distinguish among phase separation, a Luttinger liquid phase, and a phase characterized by strong singlet pairing between the species. True long-range density waves exist with unequal hopping amplitudes.
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For strongly interacting bosons in optical lattices, the standard description using the Bose-Hubbard model becomes questionable. The role of excited bands becomes important. In such a situation, we compare results of simulations using the multiband Bose-Hubbard model with a recent proposition based on a time-dependent variational approach. It is shown that the latter, in its original formulation, uses a too small variational space, often leading to spurious effects. Possible expansion of the variational approach is discussed.
We analyze interacting one-dimensional bosons in the continuum, subject to a periodic sinusoidal potential of arbitrary depth. Variation of the lattice depth tunes the system from the Bose-Hubbard limit for deep lattices, through the sine-Gordon regime of weak lattices, to the complete absence of a lattice. Using the Bose-Fermi mapping between strongly interacting bosons and weakly interacting fermions, we derive the phase diagram in the parameter space of lattice depth and chemical potential. This extends previous knowledge from tight-binding (Bose-Hubbard) studies in a direction which is important because the lattice depth is a readily adjustable experimental parameter. Several other results (equations of state, energy gaps, profiles in harmonic trap) are presented as corollaries to the physics contained in this phase diagram. Generically, both incompressible (gapped) and compressible phases coexist in a trap; this has implications for experimental measurements.