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Optics Communications

Polarization properties of single-mode gas lasers with unusual mode patterns

Anatolii M Tumaikin, W. van Haeringen, Daan Lenstra

Published Aug 1, 1981• 3 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/0030-4018(81)90404-1

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The polarization properties of a single-mode operating gas laser in a small axial magnetic field (field splitting\ensuremath{\ll}natural linewidth) with an initial cavity anisotropy are considered in detail. Expressions are given for the effects on the polarization parameters due to the active medium, the external field, and the initial anisotropy of the cavity. The cooperation of these three effects is discussed. Existing theories are in this respect shown to be either incomplete or inadequate. Specializations are made to several types of atomic transitions and cavity anisotropies. A group of low-field polarization phenomena observed on the He-Ne 1.153-\ensuremath{\mu} mode is theoretically discussed. In particular, it is shown that the observed polarization flip by tuning through the line center and the hysteresis effect, observed by Kannelaud and Culshaw, can be completely understood assuming a cavity whose main anisotropy is a linear phase anisotropy. At zero or very small magnetic field the theory predicts a preference for linear or circular polarization, depending on the type of atomic transition.

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Lamb-dip-like behavior in each spectral component of a spontaneously pulsing, single-mode, standing-wave gas laser

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The optical spectra corresponding to complex intensity pulsation patterns near line-center tuning of single-mode, standing-wave gas lasers contain some simple indicators of the origins of their complexity. Heterodyne measurements show that on detuning of the laser the power density in each component of the optical spectrum undergoes a Lamb-dip-like reduction as it passes through resonance with the zero-velocity atoms. These observations help to explain the sensitive dependence of the dynamics of standing-wave gas lasers on detuning within the Lamp dip and distortions of the Lamb-dip shapes when the lasers are unstable.

Journal of the Optical Society of America B•May 1, 1988•5 citations
The polarization properties of a single-mode operating gas laser in a small axial magnetic field (field splitting\ensuremath{\ll}natural linewidth) with an initial cavity anisotropy are considered in detail. Expressions are given for the effects on the polarization parameters due to the active medium, the external field, and the initial anisotropy of the cavity. The cooperation of these three effects is discussed. Existing theories are in this respect shown to be either incomplete or inadequate. Specializations are made to several types of atomic transitions and cavity anisotropies. A group of low-field polarization phenomena observed on the He-Ne 1.153-\ensuremath{\mu} mode is theoretically discussed. In particular, it is shown that the observed polarization flip by tuning through the line center and the hysteresis effect, observed by Kannelaud and Culshaw, can be completely understood assuming a cavity whose main anisotropy is a linear phase anisotropy. At zero or very small magnetic field the theory predicts a preference for linear or circular polarization, depending on the type of atomic transition.
Abstract Starting from a theory in which laser operation is described as the excitation of the natural modes of an open-resonator system, the case of a Fabry-Perot resonator with plane-parallel mirrors is treated. It is shown that, in the case of weakly anisotropic mirrors, the natural modes can be grouped in pairs, such that each pair corresponds to one scalar longitudinal mode. In that case, laser operation can and will be described in terms of these longitudinal modes, which then possess a vectorial field amplitude, in agreement with the usual formalism. The polarization preference in a single-mode gas laser operating on a transition between a singlet and a triplet state is investigated, taking into account differences in the relaxation constants for the various expectation values of atomic variables. A calculation of the effect on the relaxation constants due to interatomic collisions leads to the conclusion that theory and experiment are in good agreement with each other. Equations describing the time evolution of the polarization parameters of both modes in a two-mode operating gas laser are derived. It is found as a general rule that mode-mode interaction results in modes whose polarizations are mutually orthogonal. An exception to this rule is found in the case in which the single-mode preference is for circular polarization. The influence of two specific mirror anisotropies is discussed. The polarization behaviour of a single-mode gas laser in the presence of (partly) applied, transverse magnetic fields is extensively dealt with. It appears to be essential to distinguish between the case in which the magnetic field is applied only to a fraction of the active medium and the case in which the magnetic field is uniform in the entire medium. This distinction is shown to lead to a satisfactory theoretical description of a certain class of experiments. In the case of two other experiments, good agreement with the theory is obtained, by assuming the presence of mirror anisotropies of acceptable kind and size. Finally, the influence of small anisotropies on the degree of polarization of a single-mode gas laser is theoretically investigated, when the latter is polarized by means of a strong transverse magnetic field.
The optical spectra corresponding to complex intensity pulsation patterns near line-center tuning of single-mode, standing-wave gas lasers contain some simple indicators of the origins of their complexity. Heterodyne measurements show that on detuning of the laser the power density in each component of the optical spectrum undergoes a Lamb-dip-like reduction as it passes through resonance with the zero-velocity atoms. These observations help to explain the sensitive dependence of the dynamics of standing-wave gas lasers on detuning within the Lamp dip and distortions of the Lamb-dip shapes when the lasers are unstable.