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Journal of Physics D Applied Physics

Numerical analysis of intrinsic bistability and chromatic switching in Tm3+single-doped systems under photon avalanche pumping scheme

Li Li, Xinlu Zhang, Lixue Chen

Published Sep 15, 2008• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we predict and numerically demonstrate the intrinsic intensity bistability, spectra bistability and chromatic switching of visible-infrared emission in Tm 3+ single-doped systems that are pumped by the photon avalanche scheme at 648 nm. Based on the coupled rate equation theory, the evolutions of the populations at various Tm 3+ energy levels, emission spectra and fluorescence intensity versus pump excitation are numerically investigated in detail. The results show that intrinsic optical bistability (IOB) associated with emission spectra and luminescence intensity takes place in the vicinity of the avalanche threshold (∼10 kW cm −2 ). When the pump excitation rises above the switching threshold (∼17.5 kW cm −2 ), the chromatic switching between the infrared (1716 nm) and the visible blue (452/469 nm) spectra can be performed. Moreover, the influences of system parameters on IOB and the origin of chromatic switching are discussed. These unique characteristics of Tm 3+ -doped systems would lead to the new possibility of the development of pump-controlled all-solid-state luminescence switches and optical bistability switches.

DOI
10.1088/0022-3727/41/19/195105

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In this paper, we predict and numerically demonstrate the intrinsic intensity bistability, spectra bistability and chromatic switching of visible-infrared emission in Tm 3+ single-doped systems that are pumped by the photon avalanche scheme at 648 nm. Based on the coupled rate equation theory, the evolutions of the populations at various Tm 3+ energy levels, emission spectra and fluorescence intensity versus pump excitation are numerically investigated in detail. The results show that intrinsic optical bistability (IOB) associated with emission spectra and luminescence intensity takes place in the vicinity of the avalanche threshold (∼10 kW cm −2 ). When the pump excitation rises above the switching threshold (∼17.5 kW cm −2 ), the chromatic switching between the infrared (1716 nm) and the visible blue (452/469 nm) spectra can be performed. Moreover, the influences of system parameters on IOB and the origin of chromatic switching are discussed. These unique characteristics of Tm 3+ -doped systems would lead to the new possibility of the development of pump-controlled all-solid-state luminescence switches and optical bistability switches.
Optical bistability and luminescence switching of visible-infrared emission in Tm-doped laser crystal pumped at 648nm avalanche wavelength is predicted theoretically and studied numerically. The analytical formula of luminescence switching threshold is deduced using the theory of nonlinear rate equations. The evolutions of populations of Tm3+ energy levels, emission spectrum and fluorescence intensity versus pump power are investigated numerically. The numerical results predict that the luminescence switching between 452/469nm blue and 1716nm infrared spectra can be experimentally realized under 648nm laser pumping. Moreover, the bistability of emission spectra, chromatic fluorescence and luminescence intensity in Tm-doped crystal can be observed in the vicinity of photon avalanche threshold. The characteristics of chromatic bistability and luminescence switching in Tm-doped crystal allow for the tailoring of pump-controlled all-solid luminescent switcher and bistable wavelength switch operating in visible-infrared spectral range.
Intrinsic optical bistability is of great interest and has potential applications in all-optical communication. In the present work, we have extended occurrences of bistable chromatic switching to a new rare-earth-doped system, namely single Tm-doped laser crystal pumped at 648 nm avalanche wavelength. Intrinsic bistability and chromatic switching of fluorescence emission are theoretically predicted, based on the rate equation theory. By using a four-order Runge-Kutta technique, chromatic switching spectra and bistable hysteresis loop are studied numerically in detail. The numerical results show that intrinsic chromatic switching of visible-infrared spectra is achievable experimentally corresponding to the transitions of Tm 1D2→3H6 (357 nm), 1G4→3H6 (469 nm), 3H4→3H6 (787 nm), 3F4→3H6 (1716 nm), as pump power increases far beyond avalanche threshold from low power level. Furthermore, we have found that the chromatic switching appears bistable in the emission spectra for pump intensity in the vicinity of avalanche threshold. The bistable hysteresis loops of luminescence are also demonstrated numerically for the dominant emission band. Intrinsic bistable chromatic switching in Tm-doped crystal is mediated by resonant excited-state absorption up-conversion.
Intrinsic optical bistability （IOB） in Tm3+/Yb3+ codoped laser crystal under 650 nm laser excitation is theoretically studied. Based on the theory of nonlinear coupled rate equations, we numerically analyze IOB evolutions of the populations at Tm3+/Yb3+ energy levels, and the influence of system parameters on IOB and the dynamic operation of bistable hysteresis loop. The simulation result shows the fluorescence IOB in visible-infrared spectra of Tm3+/Yb3+ codoped laser crystal under photon avalanche pumping scheme. It is found that IOB phenomena can be largely enhanced by optimizing the Tm3+/Yb3+ concentration ratio, choosing low phonon-energy crystal host and using crystal cooling technology, and also by tuning the pump laser to match the resonant frequency of Tm3+ excited-state absorption transition. Through tuning the pump laser wavelength and adjusting the rate of change in pump intensity, the controllable IOB switching can be achieved.
Intrinsic optical bistability (IOB) in Tm-doped laser crystal pumped at 648nm avalanche wavelength is predicted theoretically and studied numerically. Based on the theory of nonlinear rate equations, the analytical formula of avalanche threshold condition is deduced in the steady-state approximation. Transient response of photon avalanche, IOB and influence of system parameters on IOB are studied numerically. The numerical simulation shows that IOB of 2μm fluorescence emission in Tm-doped laser crystal can be experimentally observed. Controllable bistable hysteresis loop can be achieved by adjusting experimentally adjustable parameters.
Intrinsic optical bistability (IOB) in Tm: YSGG (yttrium-scandium-gallium garnet) laser crystal pumped at 1um avalanche wavelength is predicted theoretically and studied numerically. The nonlinear rate equations of Tm: YSGG are given based on the nonlinear energy transfer processes. From the rate equations, the analytical formula of avalanche threshold condition is deduced in the steady-state approximation. Both the intrinsic bistability effect of population concentrations at Tm3+ levels versus pumping power and the influence of system parameters on IOB avalanche threshold are studied numerically. The results show that the avalanche threshold power of IOB can be changed by adjusting experimentally adjustable parameters such as the Tm3+ −dope concentration.
Intrinsic optical bistability and dynamic hysteresis phenomenon, induced by nonlinear excitation and energy level coupling, are predicted theoretically in single Tm-doped laser crystal pumped at 648nm avalanche wavelength. Taking into account the dominant energy transfer processes including excited state absorption, cross relaxation, energy transfer up-conversion and decay of the metastable level Tm3+ 3F4, the analytical formula of avalanche threshold condition are deduced in the steady-state approximation. Based on the theory of microscopic coupled rate equations, intrinsic optical bistability and influence of system parameters on hysteresis loop are studied numerically in detail by using a four-order Runge-Kutta technique. The numerical results predict that intrinsic optical bistability of near 2 micrometer fluorescence emission relevant to Tm 3F4→3H6 transition is achievable experimentally in single Tm-doped laser crystal. For realization of low threshold optical bistability and notable bistable hysteresis loop, it is beneficial to properly increase Tm3+-doped concentration and suppress energy transfer up-conversion. Furthermore, the interesting results obtained numerically show that laser-induced thermal effect is not the indispensable factor for occurrences of intrinsic optical bistability in rear-earth-doped crystal. Cooperation of nonliear excitation and energy level coupling can essentially lead to intrinsic optical bistability in rear-earth-doped system.