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Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics

Light-induced drift in cascade excitation of levels

А. И. Пархоменко, Anatolii M. Shalagin

Published Aug 31, 1982• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An analysis is made of a light-induced drift observed under cascade excitation of atomic levels. A detailed description is given of the drift in the case of absorption of monochromatic and quasimonochromatic radiation as a result of a transition between the excited states. Preliminary excitation is provided either by broad-band radiation or by traditional nonlaser methods. It is shown that the drift is possible also when the transport cross sections of the particles which are at the active levels (involved in a transition under the action of resonance monochromatic or quasichromatic radiation) are identical: a difference between the transport cross sections for any pair of levels is sufficient for the occurrence of the drift.

DOI
10.1070/qe1982v012n08abeh005786

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An analysis is made of a light-induced drift observed under cascade excitation of atomic levels. A detailed description is given of the drift in the case of absorption of monochromatic and quasimonochromatic radiation as a result of a transition between the excited states. Preliminary excitation is provided either by broad-band radiation or by traditional nonlaser methods. It is shown that the drift is possible also when the transport cross sections of the particles which are at the active levels (involved in a transition under the action of resonance monochromatic or quasichromatic radiation) are identical: a difference between the transport cross sections for any pair of levels is sufficient for the occurrence of the drift.
It is shown that non-laser radiation with a broad-band spectrum can induce a drift of optically absorbing multi-level atoms through buffer gas and separate them. It is not necessary to have a mixture of absorbing species to form an asymmetry in the initially flat light spectrum with respect to the atomic resonances. The spectrum asymmetry required for a velocity-selective excitation of the atoms may be formed in the propagating light due to the difference in absorption indexes at nearby transitions of the same species. A set of kinetic equations for coupled light and particles is presented. Numerical analysis of the problem and estimations are done for several typical cases.
An observation of light-induced drift (LID) of atoms with an intermediate metastable level between the ground and excited resonance levels is reported. The drift of atoms of barium was investigated. Molecular nitrogen was used as a buffer gas. The 5d 1^{1}1D metastable state of Ba atoms was quenched in collisions with N2{\mathrm{N}}_{2}N2​ molecules. It has been deduced from the experimental results that the collision cross section of Ba atoms with N2{\mathrm{N}}_{2}N2​ molecules is larger for Ba atoms in the ground state than in the 6p 1^{1}1P excited state. The maximal LID velocity was about 250 cm/s.
Abstract : The effect of light-induced drift (LID) in gases, predicted by Gel'mukhanov and Shalagin and observed later, is manifested in mechanical drift of the absorbing atoms (molecules) in response to optical excitation. The effect of LID takes place if the atom interaction with light is velocity-dependent (due to the Doppler effect), the spectrum of the exciting radiation is asymmetric with respect to the the absorption line, and the absorbing molecules experience collisions with a buffer gas, with the collision rate dependent upon their internal state. The idea of LID is the following. Suppose for the sake of definiteness that the collision frequency of the absorbing molecules with the buffer is greater in the excited state and that the exciting light is red-shifted with respect to the absorption contour. Then due to the Doppler shift, the radiation interacts mainly with the counter-moving molecules, which undergo transitions into an excited state, in which their friction upon the buffer component is increased. Due to this increase, the counter-flying molecules are slowed down, while the molecules moving in the direction of light are not affected. The net effect is a drift of the absorbing component in the direction of light. The drift alternates its direction with the change of signs of either the detaining or the difference in the collision frequencies.
The optical Hanle effect (light-shift-induced zero-field level crossing) has been investigated theoretically and experimentally. In the case of a $J=0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ three-level system and of a $J=0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$ two-level system, the resonance line shape has been obtained using a nonlinear-response-function method. Approximate expressions, valid under the conditions for the observation of light shifts, are obtained and compared with exact calculations as well as with the corresponding expression for the magnetic Hanle effect. As concerns the weak laser beam which produces the coherent excitation of atomic substates, we have calculated the linear response in the limiting case of monochromatic and of broad-band excitation. The experimental investigation has been performed for the Ba resonance line using two cw dye lasers at $\ensuremath{\lambda}=5535$ \AA{} and an atomic beam. The absorption- and dispersion-shaped level crossing resonances have been observed, for narrow- and broad-band excitation, by varying the power of the strong nonresonant laser beam. We have checked that the line shapes are only dependent upon the reduced variable $\frac{{P}_{L}}{\ensuremath{\delta}}$ (PL{P}_{L}PL​; beam power; $\ensuremath{\delta}$: frequency detuning). Using the theoretical expressions, we have tried to fit the experimental curves. Provided that the Gaussian distribution of the beams is taken into account, we have obtained a good agreement between theory and experiment for the whole set of experimental data.
Expressions are derived for the intensity correlations or degrees of second-order coherence within and between two light beams of different frequency generated by cascade emission from a three-level atom. The atoms are assumed to be excited by two monochromatic coherent light beams in resonance with the upper and lower pairs of levels that constitute the triplet. The two emitted beams individually show photon antibunching and the correlation between the beams shows another complementary kind of non-classical effect. It is suggested that measurements on the system described here would provide more detailed information on quantum effects in cascade emission than previous observations with direct excitation to the uppermost atomic level by electron bombardment.