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Physical Review C

Hole-Line Expansion for Nuclear Matter

Thomas H. Schucan, Hans A. Weidenmüller

Published May 1, 1971• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The ground-state energy of nuclear matter is expanded in such a way that each term of the expansion is characterized by the number of hole lines. This procedure reverses the usual sequence of steps, which consists in the use of the linked-cluster theorem, the introduction of $G$ matrices, and the partial summation of $G$-matrix diagrams leading to the hole-line expansion. In this way, we find an algebraic method which yields automatically all diagrams with a fixed number of independent hole lines. As a by-product, a new proof for the linked-cluster theorem is obtained. We have applied the method to diagrams with four independent hole lines and find complete agreement with results published previously by B. D. Day.

DOI
10.1103/physrevc.3.1856

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Physical Review C•May 1, 1973•19 citations
The ground-state energy of nuclear matter is expanded in such a way that each term of the expansion is characterized by the number of hole lines. This procedure reverses the usual sequence of steps, which consists in the use of the linked-cluster theorem, the introduction of GGG matrices, and the partial summation of GGG-matrix diagrams leading to the hole-line expansion. In this way, we find an algebraic method which yields automatically all diagrams with a fixed number of independent hole lines. As a by-product, a new proof for the linked-cluster theorem is obtained. We have applied the method to diagrams with four independent hole lines and find complete agreement with results published previously by B. D. Day.
We develop diagrammatic methods which give the explicit expression for the n th order term of the linked Iwamoto-Yamada cluster expansion in terms of the cluster integrals. The method applies independently of the number A of particles of the system. We carry through partial summations which for finite A result in a representation of the expansion by skeleton diagrams, whereas in the limit A → ∞ the expansion is reduced to two analytical equations. In addition, for finite A the renormalization establishes a connection between the expectation value of an arbitrary operator and the probability to find n hole states, 1 ≤ n ≤ A, occupied. Simple considerations raise some doubts concerning the convergence of the unrenormalized expansion.
An approximation method developed previously to deal with many particles in strong interaction is examined in further detail. It is shown that the series giving the interaction energy is a development in a sequence of linked or irreducible cluster terms each of which gives a contribution to the energy proportional to the total number of particles. Consequently the convergence of the expansion is independent of the total number of particles. The origin of this simple feature is illustrated by showing that a similar situation exists in the expansion of standard perturbation theory. The numerical convergence of the expansion is quantitatively discussed for the nuclear problem where it is shown that the correction arising from the first cluster term involving three particles is less than the leading term by a factor of about ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$. The smallness of the correction is largely a result of the action of the exclusion principle.
Bethe's treatment of three-body clusters is extended to the entire linked-cluster perturbation series. The result is a completely rearranged expansion in terms of "compact clusters." The spatial correlations within these terms are all of quite short range. As a direct consequence, each of these new compact-cluster terms is proportional to ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}^{{h}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}1}$, where ${h}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is the number of momenta inside the Fermi sea which can be summed independently after allowing for momentum conservation. The "small parameter" of the expansion is $\ensuremath{\kappa}=\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\int}{|\ensuremath{\zeta}|}^{2}d\ensuremath{\tau}$, where $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is the ordinary nuclear density and $\ensuremath{\zeta}=\ensuremath{\varphi}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{\mathrm{BG}}$ is the "wound" in the correlated two-body (bethe-Goldstone) wave function. In nuclear matter this $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ is of order 10%. This result requires that the single-particle potentials be defined in terms of a certain subset of all the self-energy insertions. The allowed insertions are those which can be evaluated entirely on the energy shell, by means of a "generalized time-ordering" factorization. The totality of these insertions is said to constitute an "on-energy-shell mass operator" Mon{M}^{\mathrm{on}}Mon. The resulting occupied-state potentials are quantitatively very similar to those of most previous versions of nuclear-matter theory. However, the present intermediate-state potentials are small enough (being only of order +1 MeV) to be safely ignored in practical calculations. This simplification is offset by the need for a separate calculation of the three-body clusters. These single-particle potentials are "physically meaningful" in the sense that they lead to an optimum treatment of the short-range correlations. The bulk properties of nuclear systems are determined almost entirely by these short-range correlations. It is therefore proposed that similar potentials be used in a many-body theory of finite nuclei. True occupation numbers occur in a simple and natural way throughout the entire expansion. The formal and practical consequences of this feature are carefully examined. It is argued that this is significant for a theory of finite nuclei. Comparisons are made with several different "renormalized" formulations of quantum statistical mechanics, and also with the Green's-function theory of nuclear matter. The present formulation tends to artificially suppress the long-range correlations (e.g., pairing correlations) between particles near the Fermi surface. This defect can be eliminated by using a degenerate analog of the Goldstone expansion.
A new approach to the diagrammatic formulation of many-body perturbation theory for open-shell systems is presented. The formalism is based on a generalized form of the Bloch equation that also generates the Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation expansion for a system with several open shells. Second quantization in the particle-hole formulation is used together with Wick's theorem in order to derive graphical rules in the usual way. The linked-diagram property of the wave operator and of the effective interaction is shown by expanding the wave operator in terms of normal products of connected diagram clusters, in analogy with the exp(S) formalism of Coester and Kümmel for closed-shell systems. Self-consistent “coupled-cluster” equations are derived for the open-shell case from the generalized Bloch equation by a straightforward extension of the procedure of Čížek and Paldus. The application of such equations for investigating different properties of open-shell atoms is discussed.
The Goldstone expansion is rederived by elementary time-independent methods, starting from Brillouin-Wigner (BW) perturbation theory. Interaction energy terms $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$ are expanded out of the BW energy denominators, and the series is then rearranged to obtain the linked-cluster result. Similar algebraic methods lead to the linked expansions for the total wave function (Hugenholtz) and the expectation value of a general operator (Thouless). Starting again with a degenerate version of BW perturbation theory, these methods are used to obtain the Bloch-Horowitz energy expansion, as well as the corresponding wave function, expectation-value, and transition-amplitude expansions. A "reduced" form of the Block-Horowitz expansion is described, and also a "completely linked" version. The latter is suggested as a tool for investigating superfiuid phenomena in nuclear matter, and for establishing contact with the Landau theory of Fermi liquids. The physical interpretation of these expansions is carefully studied, especially with regard to nuclear applications, to determine how they handle such "physical" features as antisymmetry, self-energy effects, wave-function renormalizations, and the distinction between "true" and "model" single-particle occupation probabilities. The problem of a correct theoretical definition for the shell-model potential is carefully examined, and a specific theory is presented. These expansions are seen to form a convenient and very powerful set of tools for studying the structure of actual nuclei.
A nonperturbative derivation of the Brueckner approximation to the ground-state energy of nuclear matter (with standard choice of hole and particle energies) is given within the framework of the method of correlated basis functions. The structure of the factor-cluster (FIY) expansion of the expectation value of the Hamiltonian with respect to a trial function incorporating short-range correlations in a general fashion, is analyzed for a uniform extended medium of fermions. With a special choice of correlated wave function, the Brueckner approximation is extracted from the FIY expansion by selective summation of two-body combination terms to all orders in the smallness parameter $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ associated, in this case, with both Brueckner-Bethe-Goldstone and FIY energy expansions. A reexamination of the numerical comparison of conventional Brueckner and Jastrow methods carried out earlier for two simple models of nuclear matter leads to the conclusion that it is inadvisable, at least in a Jastrow calculation satisfying the average Pauli condition, to incorporate the $O(\ensuremath{\kappa})$ contribution of the analog of the dispersion correction of reaction-matrix theory without at the same time including the $O(\ensuremath{\kappa})$ contribution of the analog of the Bethe-Faddeev term. For the uniform extended medium for the Jastrow choice of wave function, there is a formal cancellation of these two three-body contributions, the scale of this cancellation being governed by the size of $\ensuremath{\kappa}$. In the numerical example considered, $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ is about 0.22 and the cancellation goes something like +14 MeV-15 MeV=-1 MeV. These findings, when juxtaposed with the standard Brueckner results for the simple models in question, suggest that a departure from the standard prescription of hole and particle energies in reaction-matrix theory may be necessary when $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ is sizeable-as in liquid 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He and the high-density neutron gas, as well as equilibrium nuclear matter described with some potentials.