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Stochastics

Quantum Lévy–Itô algebras and non-commutative stochastic analysis

V. P. Belavkin

Published Nov 21, 2011• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We review the basic concepts of quantum probability and revise the classical and quantum stochastic (QS) calculus using the universal Itô B*-algebra approach. A non-commutative generalization of Lévy process is defined in Fock–Guichardet space in terms of the underlying B*-Itô modular algebra. The main notions and results of classical and QS analysis are reformulated in terms of the non-commutative but associative stochastic covariation of quantum integrals defined as sesquilinear forms adapted to a quantum Lévy process in Fock space. The general semi-Markov QS dynamics is defined in terms of a hemigroup of semi-morphic transformations as adjoints to a semiunitary hemigroup resolving a QS Schrödinger equation in Fock space. The corresponding semi-Markov hemigroup of completely positive contractions resolving a quantum master equation with generalized Lindblad generator as a non-commutative analogue of Feller–Kolmogorov equation is derived by taking vacuum conditional expectation in Fock space.

DOI
10.1080/17442508.2011.615934

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We review the basic concepts of quantum probability and revise the classical and quantum stochastic (QS) calculus using the universal Itô B*-algebra approach. A non-commutative generalization of Lévy process is defined in Fock–Guichardet space in terms of the underlying B*-Itô modular algebra. The main notions and results of classical and QS analysis are reformulated in terms of the non-commutative but associative stochastic covariation of quantum integrals defined as sesquilinear forms adapted to a quantum Lévy process in Fock space. The general semi-Markov QS dynamics is defined in terms of a hemigroup of semi-morphic transformations as adjoints to a semiunitary hemigroup resolving a QS Schrödinger equation in Fock space. The corresponding semi-Markov hemigroup of completely positive contractions resolving a quantum master equation with generalized Lindblad generator as a non-commutative analogue of Feller–Kolmogorov equation is derived by taking vacuum conditional expectation in Fock space.
We review the basic concepts of quantum stochastics using the universal Itô *-algebra approach.The main notions and results of classical and quantum stochastics are reformulated in this unifying approach.The thermal quantum Lévy process with commuting increments is defined in terms of the modular *-Itô algebra.The quasi-Markov quantum stochastic processes over increasing W*-algebras generated by a quantum Lévy process is characterized in terms of their quantum stochastic germs.The corresponding quantum stochastic master equation on the increasing predual L-spaces is derived as a noncommutative and non-Markov generalization of the Zakai equation driven by the dual quantum Lévy process.This is done by a noncommutative analog of the Girsanov transformation which we introduce here in full generality.
We review the basic concepts of quantum probability and stochastics using the universal Itô B *-algebra approach. The main notions and results of classical and quantum stochastics are reformulated in this unifying approach. The general Lévy process is defined in terms of the modular B *-Itô algebra, and the corresponding quantum stochastic master equation on the predual space of the W *-algebra is derived as a noncommutative version of the Zakai equation driven by the process. This is done by a noncommutative analog of the Girsanov transformation, which we introduce here in full generality.
Quantum chaotic states over a noncommutative monoid, a unitalization of a noncommutative Ito algebra parametrizing a quantum stochastic Levy process, are described in terms of their infinitely divisible generating functionals over the monoid-valued processes on an atomless `space-time' set. A canonical decomposition of the logarithmic conditionally posive-definite generating functional is constructed in a pseudo-Euclidean space, given by a quadruple defining the monoid triangular operator representation and a cyclic zero pseudo-norm state in this space. It is shown that the exponential representation in the corresponding pseudo-Fock space yields the infinitely-divisible generating functional with respect to the exponential state vector, and its compression to the Fock space defines the cyclic infinitly-divisible representation associated with the Fock vacuum state. The structure of states on an arbitrary Ito algebra is studied with two canonical examples of quantum Wiener and Poisson states. A generalized quantum stochastic nonadapted multiple integral is explicitly defined in Fock scale, its continuity and quantum stochastic differentiability is proved. A unified non-adapted and functional quantum Ito formula is discovered and established both in weak and strong sense, and the multiplication formula on the exponential Ito algebra is found for the relatively bounded kernel-operators in Fock scale. The unitarity and projectivity properties of nonadapted quantum stochastic linear differential equations are studied, and their solution is constructed for the locally bounded nonadapted generators in terms of the chronological products in the underlying kernel algebra canonically represented by triangular operators in the pseudo-Fock space.
The basic integrator processes of quantum stochastic calculus, namely, creation, conservation, and annihilation, are introduced in the Hilbert space of square integrable Brownian functionals. Stochastic integrals with respect to these processes and a quantum Itô’s formula are described. As an application two examples of quantum stochastic differential equations are discussed. A continuous time version of Stinespring’s theorem on completely positive maps in C *-algebras is exploited to formulate the notion of a quantum Markov process and indicate how classical Markov processes are woven into the fabric of the Schodinger-Heisenberg dynamics of quantum theory.
A concept of quantum stochastic convolution cocycle is introduced and studied in two different contexts -- purely algebraic and operator space theoretic. A quantum stochastic convolution cocycle is a quantum stochastic process on a coalgebra satisfying the convolution cocycle relation and the initial condition given by the counit. The notion generalises that of quantum Levy process, which in turn is a noncommutative probability counterpart of classical Levy process on a group. Convolution cocycles arise as solutions of quantum stochastic differential equations. In turn every sufficiently regular cocycle satisfies an equation of that type. This is proved along with the corresponding existence and uniqueness of solutions for coalgebraic quantum stochastic differential equations. The stochastic generators of unital *-homomorphic cocycles are characterised in terms of structure maps on a *-bialgebra. This yields a simple proof of the Schurmann Reconstruction Theorem for a quantum Levy process; it also yields a topological version for a quantum Levy process on a C*-bialgebra. Precise characterisation of the stochastic generators of completely positive and contractive quantum stochastic convolution cocycles in the C*-algebraic context is given, leading to some dilation results. A few examples are presented and some interpretations offered for quantum stochastic convolution cocycles and their stochastic generators on different types of *-bialgebra.