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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Strong modification of density of optical states in biotemplated photonic crystals

Matthew R. Jorgensen, Benjamin P. Yonkee, Michael H. Bartl

Published May 5, 2011• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Nature has developed sophisticated methods to create structure-based colors as a way to address the need of a wide variety of organisms. This pallet of available structures presents a unique opportunity for the investigation of new photonic crystal designs. Low-temperature sol-gel biotemplating methods were used to transform a single biotemplate into a variety of inorganic oxide structures. The density of optical states was calculated for a diamond-based natural photonic crystal, as well as several structures templated from it. Calculations were experimentally probed by spontaneous emission studies using time correlated single photon counting measurements.

DOI
10.1117/12.890606

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Nature has developed sophisticated methods to create structure-based colors as a way to address the need of a wide variety of organisms. This pallet of available structures presents a unique opportunity for the investigation of new photonic crystal designs. Low-temperature sol-gel biotemplating methods were used to transform a single biotemplate into a variety of inorganic oxide structures. The density of optical states was calculated for a diamond-based natural photonic crystal, as well as several structures templated from it. Calculations were experimentally probed by spontaneous emission studies using time correlated single photon counting measurements.
Sophisticated methods have been created by nature to produce structure-based colors as a way to address the need of a wide variety of organisms. This pallet of available structures presents a unique opportunity for the investigation of new photonic crystal designs. Low-temperature sol-gel biotemplating methods were used to transform a single biotemplate into a variety of inorganic oxide structures. The density of optical states was calculated for a diamond-based natural photonic crystal, as well as several structures templated from it. Calculations were experimentally probed by spontaneous emission studies using time correlated single photon counting measurements.
Photonic crystals, i.e. materials that have a periodic variation in refractive index, form an interesting new class of materials that can be used to modify spontaneous emission and manipulate optical modes in ways that were impossible so far. This thesis is divided in three parts. \nPart I discusses the design and fabrication of two-dimensional photonic crystals in silicon using deep anisotropic etching with a SF6/O2 plasma. The etching process was optimized for the fabrication of two-dimensional photonic crystals by tuning the main parameters of the etching process, i.e. temperature, bias voltage and O2 flow. Vertical confinement in these structures is provided by integrating the structures in a dielectric waveguide. For this purpose, amorphous silicon, silicon-on-insulator and SiGe structures were considered. Fabrication of structures in both amorphous silicon and silicon-on-insulator was successfully demonstrated. The incorporation of luminescent species, such as laser dyes, was demonstrated using a new wet chemical coating technique that forms thin silica layers on a substrate.\nPart II discusses the modification of spontaneous emission in one dimensional systems by studying the decay rate of luminescing Cr ions close to a dielectric interface. The decay rate of the Cr ions can be changed by bringing the samples into contact with a range of liquids with different refractive indices. The change in radiative decay rate can be calculated by calculating the local density of states. To explain the experimental results additional non-radiative decay channels have to be introduced and yields a quantum efficiency of ~50% for the Cr R-line luminescence. This concept was further extended to a thin silica layer on silicon implanted with erbium ions and resulted in the radiative rate of erbium in pure silica: 54 s-1. This number was used to analyze the decay rate of erbium ions in silica colloidal spheres that can be used as building block for three-dimensional photonic crystals by self-assembly.\nFinally, Part III discusses the optical properties and modified spontaneous emission from a three-dimensional silicon photonic crystal of finite (5-layers) thickness. The crystals are made in a layer-by-layer approach using lithographic tools and show near 100% reflection in the 1.4-1.7 mu m wavelength range indicative of a photonic stopgap. A direct comparison with the calculated reflectivity reveals that some features in the reflectivity can be ascribed to the finite thickness of the crystal, while other features can be explained in terms of a superstructure that leads to zone folding of the photonic bandstructure. The collected spontaneous emission from erbium implanted crystals is strongly reduced for wavelengths in the stopgap from 1.4-1.7 mu m. The changes in collected luminescence intensity are explained in terms of a rate equation model that takes into account the effect of Bragg scattering, the local density of states and the quantum efficiency of the emitters inside the crystal. Using this model a spectral attenuation of 5 dB per unit cell at 1.539 mu m wavelength is obtained from the experimental data, which is in perfect agreement with existing theory and transmission data.
Diamond nanophotonics have evolved tremendously from the study of color centers in bulk single crystals and nanocrystals to their characterization in nanostructured environments. This development was facilitated by the ability to generate monolithic, sophisticated nanodevices in high quality single crystal diamond. This thesis presents some recent contributions to the field of diamond nanophotonics: Increase in single photon collection from NV centers embedded in diamond nanowires, broadband spontaneous emission enhancement of single NV centers in plasmonic resonators, and coupling of single NV centers to planar resonators on-chip such as ring resonators and photonic crystal cavities. In addition, the generation of high quality integrated diamond devices allows for the exploration of nonlinear processes in diamond. Here, we show for the first time optical parametric oscillations in diamond resonators.
Optical phenomena in materials with a space modulation of dielectric constant at distances close to the light wavelengths (so called photonic band-gap structures or photonic crystals) are of a great interest now because of the existence of band gaps in their photonic band structure (Bykov, 1972; Yablonovitch, 1987; John, 1987). These band gaps represent frequency regions where electromagnetic waves are forbidden, irrespective of the spatial propagation directions. Inside the band gaps, the photon density of states is equal to zero and so the emission of light sources embedded in these crystals should be inhibited in these spectral regions (Vats et al., 2002). Since the time the effect is predicted, many experiments have been devoted to studies of spontaneous emission of molecules embedded in photonic crystals (Gaponenko et al., 1999; Gorelik, 2007). Typical structures of photonic crystals and calculations of corresponding photonic band structures are presented in a book by Prof. Joannopoulos (Joannopoulos et al., 2008). Besides the emission inhibition effect, a number of new optical phenomena in 3D photonic crystals, interesting from the applied point of view, are under intensive study now. The main research directions are the following:  Effects of light localisation (John, 1987; Kaliteevskii et al., 2005; Vignolini et al., 2008).  Radiation of photonic crystals filled with organic (rhodamine 6G, 1,8-naphthoylene1’,2’-benzimidazole, stilbene) and inorganic (ZnO, ZnS, rare-earth ions Eu3+, Tb3+, Er3+) luminophores near by the edges of photonic band-gap (Gaponenko et al., 1999; Aliev et al., 2002; Emel’chenko et al., 2005; Li et al., 2007).  Radiation of CdTe, CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in photonic crystal volume (Gruzintsev et al., 2009; Ambrozevich et al., 2009).  Quantum optics phenomena in nano-structured materials based on photonic crystals and nonlinear optical substances (Lin & Vuckovic, 2010).  Effects of the radiation field amplification in photonic crystals (Lin & Vuckovic, 2010).  Increase of solar cells efficiency with the use of photonic crystals (Florescu et al., 2007).
We investigate the quantum-optical interplay of two-dimensional (2D) planar photonic crystals with localized emitters. Due to the spatial variation of the photonic density of states in the photonic crystal unit cell the spontaneous emission properties dependent strongly on the location of the emitter. We infiltrate nanospheres doped with small dye molecules as localized probes into 2D hexagonal Nb2O5photonic crystals. Using spatially resolved spectroscopy and time correlated single photon counting direct measurements of the spontaneous emission properties of single, localized emitters are performed
Sol-gel process is shown as a promising synthetic route to develop the 3D photonic crystals doped with the optically active terbium. Using silica and Tb-doped titania sols the colloidal crystal with photonic stop band ranging from 480 to 550 nm have been developed, thus fitting the 5D4 yields 7F6 and 5D4 yields 7F5 transition of Tb3+ ions. Pronounced inhibition of optical transitions of Tb3+ ions was observed. The structures fabricated are considered as promising probes to examine the influence of photonic stop band on modification of the spontaneous emission spectra of phosphors.